Air law

• Aerodome: Any area of land or water designed for the arrival departure, movement, and servicing of aircraft

  Airport: Aerodome but with an airport certificate
• Public use certificate: Open to all

  Prrivate use certificate: private & closed, except in emergency, with permission of the owner required

  Aerodomes not certified may be registered to publish aeronautical information in the Canada Flight Supplement
• Movement area: Include maneuvering area & aprons

  Maneuvering areas: intended for take off and landings (runways & taxiways)

  Apron: Loading & unloading of passengers
• Number in a runway corresponds to its magnetic bearing rounded off to the nearest 10, the last zero omitted

  Runway 9 runs west to east (090 degrees magnetic)

  Runway 018 degrees magnetic is runway 02
• Runway numbers are 180 degrees apart at opposite ends

  ex. Opposite end of runway 09 is runway 27
• In the Northern Domestic Airspace, assigned numbers are based on true bearings
• Letter R at the end of the number of a runway indicates that it is the right of a pair of parallel runways

  L indicates the left runway
• Perimeters of unpaved runways are required to be delineated with frangible, weatherproof markers that are clearly visible both on the ground and from the air.

  Evenly spaced at intervals of not more than 300ft along the sides of the runway
• Turnaround bay may be provided at the threshold end of a runway that is not directly served by a taxiway
• Stopways are prepared as suitable areas in which an airplane can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-off
• Yellow lines are painted in the centre of taxiways

  Broad yellow lines across indicate the end of the taxiway where an airplane must hold short until ready for take-off
• Operational guidance signs provide direction or facilities information & have black inscriptions on a yellow background
• Mandatory Instruction signs are used to identity holding positions beyond which pilots must have ATC clearance to proceed.
• Wind indicators:

  Runway is determined by wind direction since ariplanes during landing & take-off operate most efficiently by flying directly into the wind.

  Windsock/wniid cone: fly horizontal in a wind of 15 knots or more

  Tetrahedron/Wind T: Designed like an arrow whose small end points into the wind
• At night:

  Landing & take-off areas indicated by

  • 2 parallel lines of white lights
  • Visible atleast 2 miles in all directions
• A fixxed white light or strobe light must be at each end of the runway to assist pilots in locating the aerodome & aligning the aircraft with the runway
• Runway threshold - green lights

  edges of taxiways - Blue lights

  sometimes green lights are down the centrelight
• Runway threshold - green lights

  When viewed from the back are red & indicate the end of the runway for traffic landing & taking off when the other end of the runway is active
• Visual appropach slope indicator system (VASIS)

  Above approach slope: white & white

  On approach slope: Downwind white, upwind red

  Below approach slope: both red
• Precision approach path indicator (PAPI)

  4 whitelights - too high

  3 white 1 red - slightly high

  2 white 2 red - correct

  1 white 3 red - slightly low

  4 red - too low
• Traffic Circuit

  Establish & maintain radio communications with control tower prior to operating within the control zone served by an operational control tower
• If the control zone is class B or class C airspace, the appropriate clearance must be received from the controlling agencry prior to entry into the classified airspace
• "Cleared to the circuit" authorizes you to join the circuit on the downwind leg at circuit height
• Sequential & simultaneous operations

  Arriving airplane cannot cross the arrival threshold or a departing airplane cannot start takeoff roll until

  1. the preceding airplane has passed the intersection
  2. In the case of an arriving airplane, it has completed its landing roll and has turned off the runway
  3. In the case of a departing airplane, it is airborne
• SIRO (simultaneous intersecting runway operations

  Permitted on intersecting runways only if both airplanes are arriving or one is arriving & the other is departinig

  IF there is enough runway lenght before the intersection for the arriving airplane to come to a stop and hold short of the intersection

  A land and hold short operation (LAHSO) clearrance should be accepted by pilots only yif theya re confident taht they can bring the aircraft to a full stop before the intersection
• Light signals on the ground

  Flashing green: cleared to taxi

  Steady green: Cleared for takeoff

  Flashing red: Taxi clear of runway in use

  Steady red light: Stop

  Flashing White: Return to starting point on airport

  Blinking Runway lights Vehicles & pedestrians are on the runway (?


  ??)
• Light signals in the air:

  Steady green: clear to land

  Steady red light or flare: do not land. avoid sharp turns, climbing or diving

  Flashing green: recall signal. return for landing

  alternative red & green (US): Danger. collision, obstructions, ice, etc.

  Red pyrotechnical light: Don't land for now
• Domestic Airspace (CDA)

  NDA:

  Close to north magnetic pole, so earth's lines of force dip vertically towards the pole & compass loses ability to point that way

  Flights there must fly at an altitude or flight level appropriate to their direction of flight as determined by true tack calculations

  Aircraft operations at night or under IFR must be equipped with a gyroscopic direction indicator
• Southern Domestic Airspace (SDA)

  Must maintain altitude or flight level appropriate to their direction of flight as determined by the magnetic track
• Altimeter setting region

  A pilot must set the aircraft altimeter to the current altimeter setting of that airport or the elevation of the airport
• Standard pressure region

  Altimeter is set to standard pressure (29.92 Hg)
• Uncontrolled airspace

  Can fly free of the ATC control unit

  But all aircraft are requried at all times to conduct their activities with regard to the Canadian Aviation regulations
• Controlled

  18000 ft ASL = high level airspace
• Class A airspace

  Only IFR flight allowed

  between 18000ft ASL & FL 700 inclusive

  includes SCA, NCA, and ACA
• Class B airspace

  Where an operational need exists to provide air traffic control to IFR aircraft and to control VFR aircraft

  Between 12500ft ASL & 18000ft ASL
• Class C airspace

  Controlled airspace within which both IFR & VFR flights are permitted

  VFR pilots must be cleared by ATC to enter
• Class D Airspace

  Both IFR & VFR flights allowed
• An aircraft overtaking another should change its heading to the right or pass on the right
• When 2 planes are on converging courses at approximately the same altitude, the airplane that has the other on its right must give way

  PRiority for the right-ofway:

  1. fixed/free baloons
  2. gliders
  3. airships
  4. power driven fixed wing or rotary wing planes
• fuel requirements

  Day: 30 more minutes

  night: 45 more minutes