power

• Grice's conversational cooperation manifests into 4 maxims:

  • Maxim of quantity: Give the most helpful amount of information
  • Maxim of quality: Do not say what you believe to be false
  • Maxim of relation: Be relevant
  • Maxim of manner: Put what you say in the clearest, briefest, and most orderly manner
• Brown & Levinson's politeness theory:

  • Positive face: Desiring social approval and inclusion
  • Negative face: Asserting independence and decision-making
  • Positive politeness: Showing approval and inclusion
  • Negative politeness: Showing respect for independence and avoiding intrusion
• Goffman's concept of 'face':

  • Presenting a particular image of oneself to others
  • Maintaining a 'positive social value'
  • Trying to 'save face' to avoid humiliation
• Wareing's types of power in discourse:

  • Instrumental power: Explicit hierarchical authority (e.g., police, boss)
  • Influential power: Influencing or persuading without authority (e.g., advertising, social media)
  • Political power: Held by people or groups conferred by law
  • Legal power: Subdivision of political power
  • Personal power: Held due to individual's occupation or role
  • Social group power: Power based on social group belonging
• Giles' Communication accommodation theory:

  • Adjusting speech, vocal patterns, and gestures to accommodate others
  • Assumptions: embedded in social and historical context, about exchanges of implicit meaning, achieving functions by accommodating behavior
  • Main Accommodation Strategies:
  • Convergence: adapting communication to become more similar
  • Upward Convergence: regional speaker becoming more RP
  • Downward Convergence: RP speaker becoming more regional
  • Divergence: accentuating differences
  • Upward Divergence: RP speaker becoming more RP
• • Downward Divergence: regional speaker becoming more regional
• Fairclough's types of power in discourse:

  • Power in discourse: features and methods of speech for power relations
  • Power behind discourse: context enabling power establishment
  • Ideology: meanings, attitudes, and world views in language
  • Synthetic Personalisation:
  • Creating an imaginary "personal relationship" with the text receiver
  • Techniques: direct address, epistemic modality, deontic modality, rhetoric