PNC Test #1

• An AT performs a clinical diagnosis whereas a physician performs a medical diagnosis
• The 3 distinct types of evaluations are: On The Field Evaluation, Clinical Evaluation, Progress Evaluation
• The Pre participation Examination consists of three parts: Medical History, Physical Examination and Orthopedic Screening
• H.O.P.S stands for History, Observation, Palpation and Special Tests
• Difference between sign and symptom is a sign is something you can see or measure whereas a symptom is subjective and cannot be measured easily
• An Acute injury is a injury that had occurred within 48 hours
• A Strain is a injury to a muscle whereas a sprain occurs to a ligament
• Contusion is a bruise whereas a hematoma has bleeding
• 1st degree Injury:

  Consists of stretching of tissue and a small amount of inflammation
• 2nd Degree of Injury:

  Partial Tear with a Moderate amount of inflammation
• 3rd Degree of Injury:

  Complete Tear with a marked amount of inflammation
• A Valgus force is a force coming from the outside that pushes towards the midline
• SOAP Notes:

  S - Subjective

  O - Objective

  A - Assessment

  P - Plan
• Compression, Bending and Torsion can occur to Bone
• Tension occurs to Ligaments, Muscles, Nerves and Tendons
• Shear and Compression occur to Cartilage
• The Inflammatory response is seen within zero to six days
• Fibroblastic Repair occurs within 3-21 days and is where new tissue starts to form
• Maturation Remolding occurs up to one year after injury and is where scar tissue is seen
• The different inflammatory responses are pain, swelling, redness, fever and loss of function
• During Fibroblastic repair most soft tissue undergoes the process of regeneration
• After A scar is formed it is strengthened and reorganized in order to adapt to imposed demands (SAID Principle)
• Numerous things seen during bone healing are:

  Hematoma formation, Callus formation and remodeling
• Numerous things that impact healing are:

  • The Extent of Injury, Poor Vascular Supply, Infection, Tension, Health, Age, Nutrition
• During immediate treatment avoid NSAIDS so that inflammation can occur
• POLICE stands for:

  • Protect, Optimal Loading, Ice, Compression, Elevation
• PEACE stands for:

  • Protection, Elevation, Avoid Anti Inflammatory, Compression, Education
• LOVE stands for:

  • Load, Optimism, Vascularity, Exercise
• Avoid HARM for first 2 days. HARM stands for:

  • Heat, Alcohol, Running, Massage
• Stages of Injury vs Loss

  • Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression and Acceptance
• Factors that inform decisions are External Evidence (research), Patient Evidence and Internal Evidence (Clinical Experience)
• The Process for informing a clinical question (PICO) is:

  • Problem, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome
• The Foot consists of 3 main areas being the Forefoot, Midfoot and Rearfoot
• The Roles of each area of the foot are:

  • Forefoot - movement
  • Midfoot - Stability
  • Rearfoot - Connection with LE
• The function of the arch of the foot are absorption and stability for propulsion
• There are two phases for running and walking gait, they are:

  • Stance - Initial Contact to Toe off
  • Swing - Toe off to initial contact
• During supination a combo of inversion and adduction is seen
• During a pronation phase a combo of abduction and eversion is seen
• Different acute foot injuries include:

  • Turf Toe
  • Midfoot Sprains
• The MOI of a turf toe injury is seen with Hyperextension or hyperflexion