Classical Conditioning

• Who developed the classical conditioning theory?

  Ivan Pavlov
• What was Ivan Pavlov the first Russian to win a Nobel Prize for?

  Medicine
• What is classical conditioning sometimes called?

  Pavlovian conditioning
• How were Pavlov's discoveries about animal behaviour applied to humans?

  Through evolutionary theory
• Which school of psychology did Pavlov's work lead to?

  Behaviourist
• According to Learning Theory, how is behaviour studied?

  As a response to external stimuli
• What key question in learning theory does classical conditioning help explain?

  Anorexia
• What year did Pavlov's study into dogs learning through association take place?

  1927
• What is a stimulus?

  Something in our environment that affects us
• What is a response?

  Our reaction to a stimulus
• What are unconditioned responses?

  Natural reactions to stimuli
• What are unconditioned stimuli?

  Things that produce unconditioned responses
• Why does a stimulus-response based on biology not require a psychological explanation?

  It is based on biology
• What is a neutral stimulus?

  Something that doesn't normally affect us
• What happens when a neutral stimulus is paired with a UCS?

  The two become associated
• What is learning by association also known as?


  Conditioning
• What does a neutral stimulus become after conditioning?

  A conditioned stimulus
• Why is a learned reaction to a CS known as a conditioned response?

  It is an artificial, learned response
• How can you tell the difference between a conditioned and an unconditioned response?

  By knowing the history of how they were learned
• What is the process of a conditioned stimulus losing its association with the UCS called?

  Extinction
• What happens to an association once it is formed, even after extinction?

  It is never truly forgotten
• What is it called when a CR reappears after extinction?

  Spontaneous recovery
• What is stimulus generalisation?

  CR appears in response to similar stimuli
• Why is stimulus generalisation important?

  It enables us to apply learned contexts to similar ones
• How can extinction be prevented?

  By pairing the CS with the UCS again
• Whose famous experiments with dogs are essential to understanding Classical Conditioning?

  Pavlov's
• What is the classic study in the Learning Approach?

  Watson & Rayner's "Baby Albert" study
• What did the "Baby Albert" study show?

  Classical Conditioning explains how humans learn
• Who carried out procedures to 'cure' homosexuals of same-sex attraction?

  David H. Barlow
• What was the UCS in Barlow's procedure to 'cure' homosexuals?

  Stomach-churning descriptions and images
• What was the CR in Barlow's procedure to 'cure' homosexuals?

  Nausea and disgust
• What was the CS in Barlow's procedure to 'cure' homosexuals?

  Same-sex partner
• What did stimulus generalisation mean in Barlow's study?

  CR was generalised to any same-sex partner
• According to Seligman, what excitement did Barlow's studies generate in America?

  Conditioning to change the behaviour of homosexuals
• What was the main problem with the conclusions from Barlow's studies?

  Most participants were bisexuals
• How did many patients report feeling about Barlow's treatment?

  Traumatized and violated
• What does the story of Barlow's study indicate about Classical Conditioning?

  It does not have the same effect on humans
• What do some psychologists suggest about characteristics like homosexuality?

  They are 'essential' behaviours
• What are involved in human sexual attraction?

  Cognitions
• What is aversion therapy used for?

  Dysfunctional behaviour