exam 2

• plankton

  • any plant or animal that feebly swims or drifts with the water currents
• phytoplankton


  
  

  • lots of cellulose to create a thick wall to withstand waves
  • 95% of primary productivity comes from phytoplankton
  • efficient in photosynthesis
  • 80-90% of phytoplankton is nanoplankton
• zooplankton


  • animal portion of the plankton
  • feeble swimmers
  • highly gelatinous
  • mucus
  • big eyes
• neuston


  planktonic organisms that live on the water surface "skin" their entire lives
• pleuston

  planktonic organisms that live in the top few centimeters of the water column their entire lives
• meroplankton

  • members of the plankton community that live only a portion of their life cycle in the water column
  • example: the larvae of benthic-dwelling adult forms
• holoplankton

  • plant or animal plankton that live in the water column
  • either drift, float, or feebly swim
• nekton

  large organisms that live in the water column and are efficient swimmers
• coscinodiscus sp

  • largest centric diatoms
  • petri dish shell configuration
• rhizosolenia

  • centric diatom
  • petri dish shape that stretched up into a cylinder that tapers at the end
• chaetoceros

  • pennate diatoms
  • petri dish shape that has been stretched out from the sides
  • long hair like extensions that provide surface area and join cells together
• asterionella

  • pennate diatom
  • chain structures that form a star like shape

  
• thalassionema

  
  

  • pennate diatom
  • not in star shape like asterionella

  
• nitzschia

  
  

  • pennate diatom
  • cells join together in parallel
  • held together by a thin layer of mucus, allowing to glide past each other

  
• coccolithophores

  • nanoplankton
  • single flagellum
  • produces dimethylsulfide that forms clouds
  • abundant and a large food source
  • good at photosynthesis
  • cell wall is attached outside

  
• noctiluca

  • dinoflagellate
  • 2 flagella that have been fused into a single tenticle
  • very luminescent
  • pale pink color
  • gives water a pink hue

  
• ceratium

  • two flagella
  • horns can change length for water temperature

  
• gonyaulax

  • very toxic and causes shellfish poisoning (red tide)
  • shelled dinoflagellates
  • thin and fragile shells

  
• gymnodinium

  • shelled dinoflagellate
  • toxic in large concentrations
  • shellfish poisoning and red tide

  
• Euphotic


  • region predominantly inhibited by organisms who need sunlight to perform
  • top 100 m receives light but only 3 feet can be useable
• mesopelagic


  • region where organisms do not need sunlight for survival
  • use bioluminescent light to find food, attract mates, etc
  • animals have reflective bodies, large eyes and mouths, photophores
• bathypelagic zone


  • no light
  • animals are small, dull color, and use chemical sensing to locate
  • 500 to 4000 m deep
• abyssopelagic


  • no light
  • animals are small or large, dull color, and some have eyes
  • 4000 to 9000 m deep
• hadal


  • still being studied
  • organisms that live in trenches
  • 9000 m or more
• Viruses

  • DNA viruses infect bacteria
  • RNA viruses infect eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms
  • 10x more abundant
  • regulate bacteria population by lysing
  • control the number of phytoplankton cells
  • affected by wavelengths of light
• Bacteria


  • photosynthesize
  • decompose
  • change pH
  • food source
  • can live as symbiotes in tissues
  • Shapes: rods, spheres, and spirals
• cyanobacteria (trichodesmium)


  • oxygen rich water
  • chromatic adaptation
  • protect from UV light
• Green and Purple sulfur bacteria


  • primarily anaerobic
  • some aerobic at night
  • form mats
• chemosynthetic bacteria


  • rod shaped
  • lots of inorganic materials like minerals
  • live around hydrothermal vents to utilize sulfur and heat
• heterotrophic bacteria 


  • secrete enzymes and do decomposition
  • can utilize crude oil
  • consolidation: cells held together using musilage
  • lithification: can change water pH
  • sedimentation: sink through water column forming sediment (snow formation)
• nitrogen fixing bacteria


  • recycling waste products when organisms excrete nitrogenous waste
  • found in mudflats, estuaries, etc
  • convert ammonia into nitrates for phytoplankton
• symbiotic bacteria


  live in other organisms
• archaeons


  • different lipids produced
  • can live in extreme environments
  • photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
• methanogens


  • anaerobic conditions
  • methane gas
• halobacteria


  love high salinity
• fungi


  • have similar functions of bacteria
  • lichen: cyanobacteria and fungi
• aspergillus


  • toxic
  • cell wall is made of chitin
  • not photosynthetic
  • secretes enzymes
  • breaks down wood
• stramenopiles


  • unicellular with 2 flagella where one is short
  • most closely related to dinoflagellates but also diatoms
  • hairy flagellum and paired with a smooth flagellum
• iron


  • limited material for phytoplankton
  • ironization: idea to fertilize
  • no protection from UV light
  • produce toxic compounds
  • controls climate by antarctic
• diatoms


  • store most food as lipids (high calories)
  • pennate or centric
  • outer shell that's enhanced with silica
  • asexual reproduction