nationalism in india

• Nationalism in India Chapter III
• Modern nationalism in Europe was associated with the formation of nation-states
• Nationalism meant a change in people's understanding of who they were and what defined their identity and sense of belonging
• New symbols, icons, songs, and ideas forged new links and redefined the boundaries of communities
• The growth of modern nationalism in India is connected to the anti-colonial movement
• People in India began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism
• The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied different groups together
• The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to unite different groups within one movement
• The war led to a new economic and political situation in India
• Prices increased during the war years, leading to extreme hardship for the common people
• Crops failed in many parts of India in 1918-19 and 1920-21, resulting in acute food shortages
• According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished due to famines and the epidemic
• Mahatma Gandhi introduced the idea of Satyagraha, emphasizing truth and non-violence in the struggle against injustice
• Satyagraha movements were organized in various places in India by Mahatma Gandhi
• Gandhiji launched a nationwide satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act in 1919
• The Rowlatt Act gave the government powers to repress political activities and detain political prisoners without trial
• The Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place on 13 April, where General Dyer opened fire on a peaceful crowd, killing hundreds
• Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement after the Jallianwalla Bagh incident
• Mahatma Gandhi proposed the Non-Cooperation Movement, which began in January 1921
• The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities
• Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires
• The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922
• Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth
• Poor people could not afford to buy Khadi cloth
• Boycotting mill cloth was a challenge for poor people due to the high cost of Khadi cloth
• Boycott of British institutions required setting up alternative Indian institutions
• Alternative Indian institutions were slow to be established
• Students and teachers started returning to government schools
• Lawyers resumed work in government courts
• Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside from the cities
• The struggles of peasants and tribals were included in the Non-Cooperation Movement
• Picket: A form of demonstration or protest by blocking the entrance to a shop, factory, or office
• Peasants in Awadh were led by Baba Ramchandra against talukdars and landlords
• Peasant movement in Awadh demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords
• Jawaharlal Nehru set up the Oudh Kisan Sabha in Awadh
• Peasant movement in Awadh led to attacks on houses of talukdars and merchants, looting of bazaars, and taking over of grain hoards
• Tribal peasants in Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh led a militant guerrilla movement in the early 1920s
• Alluri Sitaram Raju led the Gudem rebels in Andhra Pradesh
• Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials, and carried out guerrilla warfare for swaraj
• Workers in Assam plantation defied authorities, left plantations, and headed home during the Non-Cooperation Movement