Psychology-development

• What are the four stages of Paget's theory?

  Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational
• What age should an individual develop the sensorimotor stage?

  0-2 years
• What age does an individual develop the pre-operational stage?

  2-7 years
• What age does an individual develop the concrete operational stage?

  7-11 years
• What age does an individual develop the formal operational stage?

  12+ years
• What does Piaget's theory test?

  Cognitive development
• What is a hereditary factor?

  Transmission of characteristics from biological parents via genes.
• What is an environmental factor?

  All of the experiences that we are experienced to in our lifetimes
• What are the 4 signs of attachment?

  Proximity maintenance, safe haven, secure base and separation anxiety
• What are the 4 types of attachment?

  Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, disorganized.
• What is secure attachment?

  Uses caregiver as 'home base' and shows distress when caregiver leaves and comfort when they return
• What is insecure-avoidant attachment?


  Infant does not seek closeness to caregiver and does not cry when caregiver leaves and ignores them when they return.
• What is insecure-resistant attachment?

  Anxious when caregiver is near and is upset when separated and is still upset when they return
• What is disorganized attachment? 


  Shows fear/distress when with caregiver but may want to seek closeness to caregiver
• What is 'typical behavior'?


  When the individual acts like usual
• What is 'Atypical behavior'?

  When an individual acts in a way that is different for them
• What is maladaptive?


  Behavior that interferes with the persons ability to carry out their usual activities
• What is Adaptive?


  Actions that make a person be able to carry out their everyday tasks
• What are the 3 things in the biopsychosocial model?

  Biological, psychological and social factors
• What is biological in Biopsychosocial factors?

  Genetic vulnerability, Gut-Brain axis, adequate sleep and exercise
• What is psychological in biopsychosocial factors?

  Resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy and self-efficiency
• What is social in biopsychosocial factors?

  Appraisal, tangible, emotional and informational support
• What is a clinical assessment?


  Collecting and interpreting information about how a person thinks, feels and behaves in order to make a diagnosis
• What is a categorical approach?


  considers a person if they met the diagnostic criteria or not.
• What is a dimensional approach?

  Considers disorders and their symptoms along a continuum of severity in symptoms
• What is a population?

  A particular group that shares one or more characteristic. eg. Farmers, Teachers and high school students
• What is a sample?

  A smaller group that has been chosen from the larger group for research purposes
• What are the 3 sampling methods?

  Convenience sampling, random sampling and stratified sampling
• What are case studies?

  In depth investigation of an individual, small group or situation
• What are the positives of case studies?


  Detailed research, new research hypothesis and aspects we cant experiment on
• What are the negatives of case studies?

  Not generalizable, time consuming and experimenter bias
• What is cross-sectional research?


  Selects and compares different groups of participants on one or more variables at a single point in time
• Advantages of cross-sectional research?

  Relatively inexpensive, easy to undertake and not too time-consuming
• Disadvantages of cross-sectional research?


  differences found between groups may be due to other factors
• What are the 7 ethical principles?


  Protection from harm, confidentiality, deception, informed consent, debriefing, withdrawal rights and voluntary participation
• What is the DV?

  Shows the effects of the IV, is being measured by the experimentor
• What is the IV?

  Can be changed or manipulated by the experimentor
• What is the extraneous variable?


  Any variable other than the IV that can influence the dependent variable.
• What are controlled variables?

  Variables that are held constant to remove extraneous and confounding variables
• What are the 5 types of variables?

  Participant, placebo effect, experimenter, experimenter bias and situational