schizophrenia

• positive symptoms are additional experiences
• hallucinations and delusions are positive symptoms of schizophrenia
• hallucinations are unusual sensory experience, for example auditory hallucinations are voices heard
• delusions are irrational beliefs
• negative symptoms involve the loss of usual abilities
• speech poverty and avolition are negative symptoms of schizophrenia
• avolition is the lack of motivation
• speech poverty is the reduced frequency and quality of speech
• the DSM-5 and ICD are used for classification and diagnosis of mental disorders
• DSM-5 needs at least 1 positive symptom present for diagnosis, dropped subtypes
• ICD needs 2 or more positive symptoms for diagnosis
• co-morbidity is where two or more disorders occur in the same patient at the same time
• buckley et al - 50% of people with schizophrenia also have depression
• culture bias in schizophrenia

  voices - haiti believe voices are from ancestors

  escobar (2012) - cultural differences in language and mannerisms between black patients and white psychiatrists, leads to over/under diagnosis
• gender bias

  more men diagnosed with schizophrenia than women

  men overrepresented, women don’t get treatments that benefit them