Proteins

• Organelles

  Cellular structures involved in protein synthesis and secretion
• Proteins


  Molecules with various functions, such as hormones and enzymes
• Transcription


  The process of copying the DNA code into mRNA
• mRNA


  Messenger RNA that carries the DNA code to ribosomes for protein synthesis
• Translation


  The process of assembling amino acids in the correct order to form a protein
• Division of Labour

  Specialization in protein synthesis where different organelles perform specific tasks
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum


  Organelle involved in protein synthesis, transportation, and packaging in vesicles
• Golgi Apparatus


  Organelle that receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them, and packages them into vesicles
• Secretory Vesicle


  Vesicle that carries proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface membrane for secretion
• Nucleus

  Cellular organelle that contains DNA and controls protein synthesis
• Cell Surface Membrane

  The outer boundary of the cell that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell
• amino acid

  A building block of proteins that contains an amino group and an acid group
• dipeptide


  A molecule formed by joining two amino acids together with a peptide bond
• polypeptide


  A chain of 10 or more amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
• peptide bond


  A chemical bond that forms between two amino acids during protein synthesis
• biuret test


  A chemical test used to detect the presence of proteins, indicated by a lilac color
• protein synthesis


  The process of assembling amino acids in the correct order on a ribosome
• primary structure


  The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
• deamination


  The process of removing the amino group from an amino acid
• ribosome


  A cellular structure where protein synthesis occurs
• enzyme


  A protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the body
• hormone regulation


  The control of hormone levels in the body
• ageing


  The process of getting older and experiencing physiological changes
• residues

  Amino acids in a protein after the loss of a water molecule
• hydrolysis reaction


  A chemical reaction that breaks a peptide bond
• amino group

  A functional group (-NH2) found in amino acids
• acid group


  A functional group (-COOH) found in amino acids
• R groups


  Variable groups that give different properties to amino acids
• essential amino acids

  Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet
• condensation reaction


  A chemical reaction that forms a peptide bond
• nitrate


  An inorganic compound used by plants to form amino groups
• hydrophobic


  The property of repelling water
• hydrophilic


  The property of attracting water
• Proteins


  Molecules composed of amino acids; have various functions in the body
• Protein sources


  Foods that are good sources of proteins, such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy, legumes, and nuts
• Protein testing

  Method to determine the presence and quantity of proteins in a sample, often using techniques like spectrophotometry or electrophoresis
• Primary structure

  The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein, which is determined by the genetic code
• Secondary structure

  The local folding or coiling of the amino acid chain in a protein, resulting in structures like alpha helices or beta sheets
• Tertiary structure


  The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein, formed by interactions between amino acid side chains (R groups)
• Denaturation


  The loss of a protein's native three-dimensional structure, often caused by heat, pH changes, or exposure to certain chemicals