Physics

• PROTON

  • positive charge part of nucleus
  • The number of protons determines what element an atom is.
  • Atomic number refers to the number of protons in their atom.
• Electron - negatively charge surrounding the nucleus
• Neutron - no charge part of the nucleus
• protium - hydrogen -1

  Deutrium - hydrogen -2

  Tritium - hydrogen -3
• ISOTOPES

  • Isotopes are members of a family of element that all have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
• IONS

  • Ions are atoms with unequal numbers of protons and electrons which results in an overall positive or negative charge.
• BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

  1. Between about 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 and 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 second after the Big Bang, neutrinos, quarks, and electrons formed.
• BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

  Between about 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 and 1 second after the Big Bang, neutrons and protons began forming
• BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

  Within about 3 minutes after the Big Bang, conditions cooled enough for these protons and neutrons to form hydrogen nuclei. Some of these nuclei combined to form helium as well, though in much smaller quantities.
• BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

  After about 20 minutes, nucleosynthesis ended, and no further nuclei could form.
• STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: Rise of the stars
• STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

  The word “stellar” means star and the formation of elements in the center of the star is called stellar nucleosynthesi
• NEBULA

  a cloud of gas and dust in outer space

  gas in nebula is used to make new stars, and dying stars create nebulae from their gas
• first stars were formed from clouds made of almost only Hydrogen and Helium (formed during Big Bang nucleosynthesis)
• NUCLEAR FUSION - a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy.
• after the nebula, there are two paths;

  path A:High-masss star

  path B:average / low mass star
• The energy released by fusion counteracts gravity crushing it inward

  It means, a more massive star has more fuel which determines the fate of the star
• PROTOSTAR - Over time, the hydrogen gas in the nebula is pulled together by gravity and it begins to spin. As the gas spins faster, it heats up and becomes as a protostar.
• STAR LIFE CYCLE: AVERAGE STAR

  MAIN SEQUENCE STAR - Eventually the temperature reaches 15,000,000 degrees and nuclear fusion occurs in the cloud's core. ⋆ The star gives off light and heat produced by nuclear fusion

  - Fusion in the core continues as long as there is hydrogen to fuel it ⋆ The main sequence star will remain in this stage, shining for millions to billions of years to come. This is the stage our Sun is at right now.
• The proton-proton chain reaction

  It starts with a proton and a neutron which fuse together to form deuterium.
• STAR LIFE CYCLE: AVERAGE STAR MAIN SEQUENCE STAR

  When the hydrogen supply in the core begins to run out, and the star is no longer generating heat by nuclear fusion, the core becomes unstable and contracts. The outer shell of the star, which is still mostly hydrogen, starts to expand. As it expands, it cools and glows red — and becomes RED GIANT
• RED GIANT - This star will be a red giant for around a billion years but after all the hydrogen is gone, the core gets smaller and hotter and enters helium flash
• The core remains as a white dwarf and eventually cools to become a black dwarf.
• STAR LIFE CYCLE: MASSIVE STAR

  More mass means more inward force, so the star is much hotter ⋆ Hotter temperature means faster fusion
• RED SUPERGIANT - A star accumulates more mass and continues to grow into a red super giant.

  • Alpha particle fusion happens at its core and creates more heavy elements until Iron. This is known as the Alpha ladder process.
• iron - Heaviest element that can be fused in the core of the star
• SUPERNOVA

  • A supernova is the biggest explosion that humans have ever seen. Each blast is the extremely bright, super powerful explosion of a star.
  • All the heavy elements are synthesized during this event
• If the remnant of the explosion is 1.4 to about 3 times as massive as our Sun, it will become a neutron star
• If the core of a massive star that has more than roughly 3 times the mass of our Sun after the explosion will do something quite different. The force of gravity overcomes the nuclear forces which keep protons and neutrons from combining. The core is thus swallowed by its own gravity. It has now become a black hole which readily attracts any matter and energy that comes near it.
• major components of star : hydrogen and helium
• helium - second most abundant element in the universe
• in the main sequence star. Hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium, helium is the converted into carbon at its core
• Three major parts of the periodic table

  • Metals on the left.
  • Non-metal on the right.
  • And Metalloids in the between metals and non-metals.