Communication

• Communication

  a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs and behavior. It is the process of transmitting information and

  common understanding from one person to another.
• The origin of the word is “communicare” or “communis” which means “to impart”, “to participate”, “to share” or “to make common”.
• Keith Davis

  Communication is a process of passing information and understanding

  from one person to another.
• John Adair

  Communication is essentially the ability of one person to make contact with

  another and make himself or herself understood.
• William Newman and Charles Summer

  Communication is an exchange of ideas, facts, opinions or emotions of two or more persons.
• Louis Allen

  Communication is a bridge of meaning. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding.
• Peter Little

  Communication is a process by which information is transmitted between individuals and / or organizations so that an understanding response result.
• Murphy, Hildebrandt, Thomas

  Communication is a process of transmitting and receiving verbal and non-verbal messages. It is considered effective when it achieves the desired response or reaction from the receiver.
• Comprehensive Definition of Communication

  “a process of transmitting ideas, information, attitudes by the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures from the source to a receiver, for the purpose of influencing with intent”.
• BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

  1. Sender / Speaker / Source / Encoder
  2. Message( message code, content, treatment)
  3. Encoding
  4. Channel
  5. Decoding
  6. Receiver / Decoder
  7. Feedback
  8. Context
  9. Barriers
• FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

  1. Verbal Communication

  written communication

  oral communication

  2. Non-Verbal Communication
• Means of Non-Verbal Communication

  1. Physical appearance including adornment
  2. Posture and gait
  3. Facial expressions
  4. Eye contact
  5. Body movements and gestures
  6. Basic communication gestures
  7. Touch
  8. Tone of Voice
  9. Symbols
  10. Signals
• Communication Barriers

  George Bernard Shaw

  • The greatest problem with communication is the illusion that it has been accomplished.
  • Process, Physical, Semantic, Psychosocial
• Communication Barriers: Process Barriers

  1. Encoder Barrier

  • Lack of sensitivity to the receiver
  • Lack of basic communication skills
  • Insufficient Knowledge of the subject

  2. Channel Barrier

  3. Receiver Barrier

  • Information Overload
  • Emotional Interference
• Communication Barriers:

  1. Process Barriers
  2. Physical Barriers
  3. Semantic Barriers
  4. Psychosocial Barriers

  • Fields of experience
  • Filtering
  • Psychosocial distance
• Waste is an unavoidable by-product of most human activity
• Waste


  Useless by-product of human activities which physically contains the same substance that are available in the useful product
• Waste


  Materials that people would want to dispose of even when payments are required for their disposal

  
• Waste is the result of inefficient production processes whose continuous generation is a loss of vital resources
• A substance regarded as a waste to one individual, may be a resource to another
• A material can only be regarded as a waste when the owner labels it as such
• Identification and segregation of waste are essential to waste management

  
• Classification of Wastes


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gaseous
• Classification of Wastes by environmental impact


  • Hazardous
  • Non-hazardous

  
• Sources of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)


  • Residential
  • Industrial
  • Commercial
  • Institutional
  • Construction and Demolition
  • Municipal Services

  
• The World Bank estimates that solid waste being produced by Philippine cities will go up by 165 percent to 77,776 tons per day from 29,315 tons as a consequence of a projected 47.3-percent hike in urban population by 2025 and a projected doubling of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per capita at 0.9 kilogram per day by 2025 from the current 0.5 kilogram

  
• There is a direct correlation between the per capita level of income in cities and the amount of waste per capita that is generated
• Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000


  Describes solid waste management as a discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes

  
• RA 9003 provides for a comprehensive ecological solid waste management program by creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, appropriating funds, declaring certain acts prohibited, and providing penalties

  
• Waste Management Hierarchy


  • Avoidance, reduction, and reuse
  • Segregation at source
  • Segregated collection
  • Recovery and processing
  • Disposal

  
• Avoidance, reduction, and reuse


  • Most preferred option; the ultimate goal is to reduce the amount of materials entering the waste stream
  • Achieving this goal involves product reuse, increased product durability, reduced material use in production and decreased consumption
  • Behavioral change is deemed necessary in the exercise of this option as lifestyle demands often favor convenience over conservation with minimal regard for long-term environmental consequences

  
• Segregation at source


  Segregation and collection of solid waste shall be conducted at the barangay level specifically for biodegradable, compostable and reusable wastes

  
• Segregated collection


  Collection is the act of removing solid waste from the source or from a communal storage point
• Recovery and processing


  • Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
  • Composting
  • Recycling
• Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)


  • Establishment of an MRF in every barangay or cluster of barangays
  • Shall be designed to receive, sort, process and store compostable and recyclable material efficiently and in an environmentally sound manner
  • Any resulting residual waste shall be transferred to a proper disposal facility
• Composting


  • Biological decomposition of biodegradable solid waste under controlled predominantly aerobic conditions to a state that is sufficiently stable for nuisance-free storage and handling and is satisfactorily matured for safe use in agriculture
  • Could reduce the weight of organic waste by 50% or more and vermicomposting by 70-80%, the latter capable of turning biodegradables into a high-quality vermicompost product

  
• Recycling


  • This law offers guidelines on the establishment and operation of buy-back centers and MRFs and provides for an inventory of markets and eco-labelling of recyclables
  • Recyclables, particularly those with high commercial value such as paper, scrap metals and plastics are typically sold to junk dealers, consolidators and recyclers
• Disposal


  • Open and controlled dumpsites
  • Sanitary landfills
  • Clustered landfills
• RA 9003 prohibits the establishment and operation of open dumps or any practice or disposal involving the use of open dumps
• Sanitary landfill (SLF)


  A waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility