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HIGHER BIOLOGY
UNIT 2
2.2 - cellular respiration
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Eilidh Robertson
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Cards (26)
define cellular respiration?
a
catabolic pathway
which provides
ATP
for other
anabolic reactions
cellular respiration is a series of
enzyme controlled reaction
structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
one adenosine molecule
and
three inorganic phosphate groups
(
Pi
)
what are the three stages of cellular respiration?
glycolysis
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain
glycolysis
takes place in the
cytoplasm
citric acid cycle
takes place in the matrix of mitochondria
the
electron transport chain
takes place in the
cristae
of the
mitochondria
define glycolysis?
the
breakdown
of
glucose
to
pyruvate
in the
cytoplasm
Pyruvate
is converted to
acetyl coenzyme A
with the loss of
carbon dioxide
the acetyl from acetyl CoA combines with
oxaloacetate
to form
citrate
dehydrogenases
remove
hydrogen
ions and
electrons
NAD
forms
NADH
citrate
is converted back into
oxaloacetate
, resulting in the generation of
ATP
and the release of
carbon dioxide
the citric acid cycle can only occur in the presence of
oxygen
(
aerobic
conditions)
during
glycolysis
, there is a
net gain
of
2ATP
the
energy investment
stage is when
glucose
is converted into
intermediates
, requiring
2ATP
the
energy pay off stage
is where
intermediates
are converted into
pyruvate
, releasing
4ATP
NAD transports
hydrogen
ions and
electrons
to
electron transport chain
What molecule produces ATP from ADP + Pi in the electron transport chain?
ATP synthase
during the electron transport chain,
hydrogen ions
combine with
electrons
and
oxygen
to form
water
describe the movement of ATP synthase in the electron transport chain?
rotates
where does fermentation occur within the cell?
cytoplasm
lactate can be converted back into pyruvate if
oxygen
becomes present
in animal cells during fermentation, pyruvate is converted to
lactate
in a
reversible
reaction
in plants and yeast during fermentation, pyruvate is converted to
ethanol
and
carbon dioxide
less ATP are produced during
fermentation
than in
aerobic
respiration