Lab 3

• Centrum: the solid central part of a vertebra, to which the arches and processes are attached
• Amphicoelous Vertebrae: Centra in which both ends are concave. They are commonly seen in fish and have limited movement abilities
• Spiral Valve: Intestine shape found in sharks and other primitive fishes used to increase the surface area and promote further nutrient absorption
• Meckel's Cartilage: jaw support during early development, and a template for the later forming jaw bones. Forms the lower jaw of fishes
• Chondrocranium: underlying scaffold of the skull, and it forms the entire skull in the chondrichthyans. Ossifies and is called the neurocranium in teleosts
• Pectoral Girdles: the bony structure on either side of the body that connects the upper limbs to the upper portion of the axial skeleton.
• Pelvic Girdles: The bony structure in a fish that connects the lower limbs to the body, in chondrichthyes this is not attached to the appendicular skeleton.
• Gill Rakers: bony or cartilaginous processes that project from the branchial arch and are involved with suspension feeding tiny prey or preventing larger prey from damaging the gills. Structure can vary depending on function
• Ampullae of Lorenzini: electroreceptors, sense organs able to detect electric fields. They form a network of mucus-filled pores in the skin of cartilaginous fish to help hunt for prey
• Swim Bladder: An air-filled sac in a fish that allows for buoyancy control. Found only in bony fishes and not in chondrichthyes
• Pyloric Caeca: Projection of the early intestines in fish that secrete enzymes and provide additional digestive areas to the intestine.
• Fatty Liver: The method of buoyancy control in sharks.
• Lateral Line: a sensory system that allows fishes to detect weak water motions and pressure gradients