Modern

• First chemical cures for diseases discovered through:

  • Experimentation with a variety of chemical compounds based on arsenic
  • Discovery of Salvarsan 606 as the first cure for syphilis
  • Development of Prontosil to treat blood poisoning
• Significance of 'magic bullets' in treating disease:

  • Salvarsan 606 and Prontosil were significant in curing syphilis and blood poisoning respectively
  • These chemical compounds revolutionized the treatment of infectious diseases in the 20th century
• David Lloyd George's Liberal Social Reforms:

  • In 1909, Labour Exchanges were set up to provide an easy method for employers to advertise jobs and for unemployed people to find work
  • Opposition arose as people, especially the rich, did not want to pay for the reforms, leading to unpopularity of the Liberal Government and the dropping of pensions to orphans and widows
• Impact of the Liberal Social Reforms:

  • The reforms were significant at the time because they aimed to address poverty and improve public health
  • The legacy of the reforms led to greater advancements in public health, despite facing initial opposition
• Key figures and their significance:

  • Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree were social reformers who highlighted the link between poverty and public health
  • David Lloyd George introduced the Liberal Social Reforms to address poverty and improve public health
• Factors significant in improving public health after 1900:

  • Liberal Social Reforms aimed to address poverty and improve public health
  • Social reformers like Booth and Rowntree highlighted the impact of poverty on public health
  • The Boer War highlighted the poor state of physical fitness of new recruits, emphasizing the need for public health improvements
• WW2 led to changes in public health in Britain
• It wasn't just soldiers who died during WW2, but also civilians due to shortages and bombing
• People believed that the sacrifices made during the war should lead to a better future, including improved healthcare
• The state of malnourished children who had been evacuated shocked people
• The government aimed to create a "country fit for heroes" for returning soldiers
• The Beveridge Report in 1942 highlighted the right of people to be free from the 'five giants' that could ruin their lives: Disease, Want, Ignorance, Idleness, Squalor
• The report proposed that the government should take charge of social security from birth to death
• Aneurin Bevan introduced the National Health Service (NHS) in 1945, aiming for healthcare coverage "from cradle to grave"
• Public reaction to the NHS was mixed
• Many members of the public were enthusiastic about the NHS
• Doctors were divided in their support for the NHS, with a significant number against it
• Doctors were concerned that the NHS would give the government too much control and impact their earnings
• By 1948, Bevan managed to convince 92% of doctors to support the NHS by agreeing to pay them a set fee for each patient
• Penicillin is a natural substance (mould called penicillium)
• Joseph Lister experimented with penicillin in 1871
• Lister noticed that penicillin seemed to weaken the microbes he was studying at the time
• Lister didn't continue his studies on penicillin
• In 1928, Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery related to penicillin
• Fleming failed to mass produce penicillin because he and his team couldn't turn the mould juice into a pure drug
• No one was prepared to give Fleming specialist help or funding for mass production of penicillin
• Ernst Florey and Howard Chain were significant in the development of penicillin
• War was a significant factor in the development of penicillin
• Penicillin was mass produced by Florey and Chain
• Fleming was researching staphylococcus to make his discovery related to penicillin
• Fleming's discovery was related to penicillin
• Fleming made his discovery by chance
• Penicillin was developed by growing it, testing it on animals, and conducting the first human trial
• Penicillin was mass produced through the efforts of Florey and Chain
• Penicillin was mass produced through the efforts of Florey and Chain