Human Geography Unit 5

• Mediterranean Climate - warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters
• Tropical Climate - Rainfall is high, temperatures are high, and there is high humidity.
• Intensive Agriculture - A large amount of labor, small plots of land, located near high population density areas
• Market Gardening - Small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and local cash crops 
• Plantation Gardening - Production of 1 or more cash crops on a large plot of land 
• Mixed Crops/LIvestock System - A combination of crops and livestock.
• Extensive Agriculture - Less labor, large amounts of land, located away from high population dense areas 
• Shifting Cultivation - Farming by clearing vegetation and burning debris
• Nomadic Herding - Farming method of taking animals from place to place for food 
• Ranching - Raising herds of animals on large tracts of land 
• Rural Settlement Pattern - Pattern used to maximize land and efficiency in a rural setting 
• Clustered Settlement Pattern - Rural residents living in groups of homes in close proximity to one another
• Dispersed Settlement Pattern - Settlements are isolated and dispersed over the land area 
• Linear Settlement Pattern - Settlement is organized along a line, such as a river or railroad.
• Rural Survey Method - Methods used to define boundaries of land ownership
• Metes and Bounds - Utilization of landmarks and physical features to establish boundaries
• Township and Range - Rectangular grid system that is 6x6 miles 
• Long Lot - Long strips of land that start at a river or lake with the intention of all landowners having equal access to resources
• Domestication - Effort to grow plants and raise animals making them adapt to human demands 
• Fertile Crescent - The area of the Middle East where agriculture was first developed.
• Indus River Valley - Area in India with fertile land 
• Southeast Asia - An area in Asia with fertile land 
• Central America - Area in the Americas with fertile land 
• Columbian Exchange - the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe
• First Agricultural Revolution - Revolution in which the Hunter Gather tactics were abandoned for more permanent settlements
• Second Agricultural Revolution - The incorporation of Machinery into farms to help increase production and speed of production of food 
• Green Revolution - Scientific developments lead to higher yield harvests, disease resistance, faster-growing crops, and more efficient use of fertilizers
• High Yield Seed - Seeds that have been selected for high yield and disease resistance.
• Mechanized Farming - The use of machinery to speed up harvests to get crops to market quickly
• Subsistence Farming - Crops grown to feed the farmer, family, and community. 
• Commercial Agriculture - Crops and livestock are grown to be sold on the Global Market to make a profit. 
• Monocropping/Monoculture - Cultivation of 1 or 2 crops that are rotated seasonally, which maximizes efficiency leading to higher yields
• Bid-Rent Theory - Value of land is influenced by the relationship to the market accessibility 
• Commodity Chain - Complex Network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers
• Economies Of Scale - Large scale farming is cost-effective due to lower bulk prices for farming supplies and tech
• Von Thunen's Model - Model that represents how market position dictates land use and price
• Pollution - The introduction of harmful substances into the environment.
• Land Coverage Change - Coverage of land area has changed due to human impacts and development
• Desertification - Process by which fertile land becomes infertile
• Soil Salinization - Process by which salt builds up in the soil when water evaporates from the ground quicker than it can be replenished