verbal analogy

• The relation between the base words of the analogy determines the relationship that the match words demonstrate.
• The third president of the Republic of the Philippines was Sergio Osmeña
• World War 2 started in the year 1939
• Apple's headquarters can be found in California
• The most common portrayal of atomic structure, with electrons orbiting around the nucleus in set paths, was the work of Niels Bohr
• The record for the most number of points scored by an individual in an NBA game is held by Wilt Chamberlain
• The Hagia Sophia can be located in Istanbul
• Shakespeare wrote all of the following except Cyrano de Bergerac
• All of the following were colonies of the Spanish Empire except Brazil
• The glass pyramid in front of the Louvre in Paris is the work of I.M. Pei
• Tony Award winner Idina Menzel, who sang the Frozen song "Let it Go," came from New York University- Tisch
• The Universe:

  • Totality of existence including galaxies, stars, planets, comets, natural satellites, nebulae
  • Universe is expanding
• Galaxies:

  • Massive systems consisting of stars, stellar remnants, and interstellar medium of gases bound by gravity
  • Types of galaxies:
  • Elliptical: lines of equal brightness made up of concentric and similar ellipses
  • Spiral: spiral shaped arms spreading from the nucleus outward to the edge (e.g., Milky Way)
  • Irregular: grainy, highly irregular assemblages of luminous areas with no distinct symmetry or central nucleus
• Stars:

  • Self-luminous celestial bodies
  • Mass of gas held together by its own gravity
  • Change in size, temperature, and luminosity
  • Classification relies on temperature, mass, radius, luminosity, and lifetime
  • Types of stars:
  • Giant Stars: low mass, near the end of their lives
  • White Dwarfs: dying remnant of an imploded star
  • Supergiant Stars: high mass, hotter temperatures, brighter luminosities, closer to the end of their lives
• Planets:

  • Do not produce their own light; illuminated by the sun & other stars
  • Solar System: terrestrial and jovian
  • Natural Satellites/Moons:
  • Revolve around a planet
  • Reflect the light of a star
  • Nebula:
  • Interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, and plasma that come from exploded stars
  • Essential for the formation of new stars
• Sources of Light in the Universe:

  • Stars:
  • Produce light through Nuclear Fusion
  • Hydrogen atoms fuse into Helium atoms
  • Colors of stars indicate their surface temperatures
  • Planets/Comets/Moons:
  • Incapable of producing their own light; illuminated by stars
  • Meteor:
  • Visible boulder-sized debris
  • Light emitted due to friction with the planet's atmosphere
• Origin of the Universe:

  • Big Bang Theory:
  • "Big Bang" is the single dense point with high temperature, high density, low volume
  • Key Events:
  • Explosion
  • Cooling down
  • Continuing expansion
• Rotation of the Earth:

  • Speed: around 18 m/s
  • Direction: counterclockwise
  • Period: 365.25 days
• Solstice:

  • Day and night are unequal in length
  • Winter Solstice: North Pole leans farthest away from the sun, longer nights in NH, sunrise at 7, sunset at 5, sun strikes directly at the Tropic of Cancer (23.5º N of equator)
  • Summer Solstice: North Pole leans nearest towards the sun, longer days in NH, sunrise at 5, sunset at 7, sun strikes directly at the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5º S of equator)
• Northern & Southern Hemispheres are opposites
• Equinox:

  • Day and night are equal in length
  • Vernal and Autumnal
  • Sun strikes directly at the equator
  • Sunrise and sunset both at 6
• Precession:

  • Movement of the Earth involving an alteration in the orientation of its rotational axis
• Revolution of the Moon:

  • Moon revolves around the earth
  • Period: 1 month or 29.53 days
  • Lesser mass, lesser gravitational pull (weight on moon = 1/6 weight on earth)
• Phases of the Moon:

  • New Moon: illuminated part faces away from the earth, moon appears dark
  • First Quarter: half of the illuminated part can be seen
  • Full Moon: illuminated part can fully be seen
  • Third Quarter: half of the illuminated part can be seen
  • Waxing: shape of the moon (illumination) is increasing
  • Waning: shape of the moon (illumination) is decreasing
  • Crescent: un-illuminated part > illuminated part
  • Gibbous: illuminated part > un-illuminated part
• Eclipses:

  • Phenomenon where the earth, moon, and sun fall in the same line
  • Solar Eclipse: Sun-Moon-Earth position
  • Lunar Eclipse: Sun-Earth-Moon position
  • Total Eclipse: the celestial body is completely within the umbra
  • Partial Eclipse: the celestial body is partially in the umbra and extends into the penumbra
• Tides:

  • Rise and fall of sea levels influenced by the combined gravitational forces exerted by the moon, the sun, and the rotation of the earth
  • Spring tide: gravitational pull of sun & moon combine, high high-tides and low low-tides, happens during full moon and new moon
  • Neap tide: sun and moon work at right angles, smaller difference between high and low tides, happens during the moon’s quarter phases
• The Atmosphere:

  • Blanket of gas that covers the earth’s surface
  • Protects the earth from excess UV rays and objects from outer space
• Functions of the Atmosphere:

  • Protection from radiation: ozone layer filters out harmful UV rays from the sun
  • Protection from meteors: atmosphere disintegrates meteors that fall into Earth
  • Weather Activity: atmosphere is a medium for weather activity, regulates temperature
  • Respiration: oxygen for respiration; carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
  • Allows sound to be heard: sound waves depend on matter (the air) to be propagated
• Layers of the Atmosphere:

  • Troposphere: around 10 km high, gets colder as one goes higher, where weather activities occur
  • Stratosphere: gets warmer as one goes higher, where the ozone layer is located
  • Mesosphere: gets colder as one goes higher, where most meteors disintegrate
  • Thermosphere: gets hotter as one goes higher
  • Exosphere: continuous with outer space
• Composition of the Atmosphere:

  • 78% N2, 20.1% O2, 0.9% Ar, less than 1% other gases
• The Hydrosphere:

  • Around 75% of earth’s surface is covered with water
  • Hydrosphere: water that flows above and below the surface
• Distribution of Water:

  • Salt Water: 93% of all Earth’s water
  • Freshwater: 7% of all Earth’s water
  • Snow/Glacier: largest source of freshwater
  • Groundwater: located underground
  • Hot Springs: geothermally heated groundwater
  • Rivers & Lakes: man’s most convenient source of water
  • Cloud: rainwater
• The Lithosphere:

  • Solid part of the earth, outer 100 km of the earth
  • Made up of granite continental crust, basaltic oceanic crust, and peridotite mantle
  • Rests on a semi-solid bed called the asthenosphere
• Soil:

  • Accumulation of loose, weathered material that covers much of the lithosphere
  • Types of Soil: Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam
  • Properties of Soil: Color, Porosity, Permeability
• Minerals:

  • Naturally occurring, inorganic matter, have a chemical formula, have a crystalline form
  • Physical Properties of Minerals: Color, Streak, Luster, Specific Gravity, Cleavage, Parting, Fracture, Hardness
• Plate Tectonics:

  • Plate Tectonic Theory: combination of Continental Drift & Seafloor Spreading Theories
  • Continental Drift Theory: proposed by Alfred Wegener, Pangea, Evidences
  • Seafloor Spreading Theory: proposed by Harry Hess, Evidences
• Minerals affected by magnetism align with the Earth’s magnetic field while lava cools
• Trenches are deep crevices in the ocean floor where it bends downward sharply
• Trenches are where the ocean floor moves downward and is destroyed by subduction (sideways and downward movement of a plate from the crust into the mantle beneath another plate)
• Volcanoes are the land equivalent of mid-ocean ridges