Kidneys and Hormone stuff

• Diabetes mellitus


  A condition where blood glucose concentrations are not kept constant.
• Type I diabetes


  A form of diabetes where the pancreas does not produce insulin, often caused by an autoimmune disease.
• Type II diabetes


  A form of diabetes characterized by ineffective use of insulin and difficulty in controlling blood sugar levels.
• Glucose


  A type of sugar that is used for energy but is not stored or used properly in individuals with diabetes.
• Insulin


  A hormone that regulates the absorption of glucose by cells.
• Type 2 diabetes causes

  Excessive body weight, physical inactivity, and overeating of carbohydrates are common causes of type 2 diabetes.
• Type 1 diabetes treatment


  Type 1 diabetes is typically managed through regular insulin injections.
• Animal insulin


  Insulin extracted from the pancreas of cows and pigs, which has been problematic for various reasons.
• Sequencing insulin


  Frederick Sanger sequenced the amino acids and structure of insulin.
• Genetically modified bacteria


  Bacteria that have been genetically modified to produce pure insulin, which is cheaper and avoids ethical concerns.
• Hypoglycemia


  A condition that occurs when too much insulin is injected, leading to low blood sugar levels, which can result in unconsciousness and death.
• Hyperglycemia


  A condition that occurs when too little insulin is injected, leading to high blood sugar levels, which can result in unconsciousness and death.
• Pancreas transplant


  A surgical procedure that involves replacing faulty beta cells in the pancreas, typically considered for severe cases of diabetes.
• Cell transplants


  A procedure where patients are injected with beta cells, but it has not been very successful in treating diabetes.
• Stem cell transplants


  A procedure that involves replacing lost beta cells with an unlimited supply of stem cells, but it raises ethical concerns.
• Regulating carbohydrate intake

  A dietary modification recommended for individuals with type II diabetes to help control their blood sugar levels.
• Exercise


  Increased physical activity is beneficial for individuals with type II diabetes.
• Drugs for type II diabetes

  Medications that simulate insulin production or slow down glucose absorption, commonly used in the treatment of type II diabetes.
• Temperature control


  The process of maintaining the optimal body temperature required for enzyme action.
• Enzyme action


  The rate of reaction that increases with temperature.
• Enzyme denaturation

  The loss of structure and function of enzymes at high temperatures.
• Endotherms


  Animals that internally control their body temperature.
• Ectotherms


  Animals that rely on external sources of heat for temperature regulation.
• Peripheral temperature receptors


  Receptors in the skin that detect changes in temperature.
• Hypothalamus


  The part of the brain that regulates body temperature.
• Effectors


  Muscles and skin that produce responses to regulate temperature.
• Behavioral responses


  Actions taken by organisms to control their body temperature.
• Heat exchange


  The process of increasing or decreasing the transfer of heat between an organism and its environment.
• Behavioral adaptations


  Changes in behavior that help ectotherms regulate their body temperature.
• Locusts


  Ectothermic animals that use behavioral adaptations to regulate their body temperature.
• Lizard


  An ectothermic animal that uses behavioral adaptations to regulate its body temperature.
• Horned Lizard


  An ectothermic animal that uses behavioral adaptations to regulate its body temperature.
• Snake


  An ectothermic animal that uses behavioral adaptations to regulate its body temperature.
• Ectothermy advantages

  Advantages of ectothermy include less respiration, ability to survive longer without food, and energy used for growth.
• Ectothermy disadvantages

  Disadvantages of ectothermy include being less active in cooler temperatures and slower metabolic reactions.
• Bee swarm temperature regulation

  Bees move within the swarm and allow air flow to maintain temperature.
• Endothermy


  The use of internal sources of heat to maintain body temperature.
• Endothermy advantages


  Advantages of endothermy include maintaining a constant body temperature and being able to be active in cool temperatures.
• Endothermy disadvantages

  Disadvantages of endothermy include using more energy to maintain temperature and requiring more food.
• Negative feedback


  A regulatory mechanism that maintains stable body temperature.