Hormones and Homeostasis

• Glucose


  A high level of glucose in urine is a symptom of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
• Creatinine


  An elevated level of creatinine in urine indicates muscle damage.
• Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)


  hCG is a hormone produced by the area that develops into the placenta during pregnancy.
• Xenopus laevis


  Xenopus laevis is a species of toad that was used in old pregnancy tests involving urine injection.
• Monoclonal antibodies


  Monoclonal antibodies are a type of antibodies that are all identical to each other.
• Hybridoma


  A hybridoma is a fused cell created by combining a B-cell and a cancer cell.
• Immobile monoclonal antibodies

  Immobile monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that bind to hCG monoclonal antibodies.
• Immobilized antibodies


  Immobilized antibodies are found in a line or cross pattern in the structure of a pregnancy test.
• Mobile monoclonal antibodies


  Mobile monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that bind to hCG with small colored beads attached.
• Pregnancy test

  A pregnancy test uses immobilized and mobile monoclonal antibodies to detect hCG.
• Anabolic steroids


  Anabolic steroids are drugs that build up muscle tissue, such as testosterone.
• Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)


  Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is a technique used to separate and identify substances in urine.
• Gas chromatograph


  A gas chromatograph is a device that vaporizes a urine sample and separates substances based on their speed.
• Mass spectrometry


  Mass spectrometry is a technique that converts substances into ions and separates them based on their mass and charge.
• Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)


  A hormone produced during pregnancy that binds to cell surface receptors
• Estrogen


  A lipid-soluble hormone that interacts with molecules to change cell activity
• Adrenal glands


  Endocrine glands located above each kidney, consisting of the cortex and medulla
• Adrenal cortex


  The part of the adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones (e.g., cortisol and aldosterone) in response to stress
• Adrenal medulla

  The part of the adrenal gland that produces peptide hormones (adrenaline and noradrenaline) during stress
• Adrenal glands' blood supply

  Well-supplied with blood vessels due to being endocrine tissues that secrete hormones directly into the blood
• Difference in hormones produced by adrenal cortex and medulla

  The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones that can cross the cell membrane, while adrenaline from the medulla cannot pass through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm
• Steroid hormones' effect on target cells

  Steroid hormones bind to a receptor protein in the cell cytoplasm, are transported into the nucleus, and act directly on the DNA to stimulate the synthesis of mRNA and proteins
• Fight or Flight Response


  An instinctive response to threat that prepares the body for action, including increased heart rate and pupil dilation
• Autonomic Nervous System


  The part of the nervous system that deals with the fight or flight response
• Activation of the Endocrine System

  The hypothalamus produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that travels to the adrenal cortex, activating the release of cortisol and aldosterone
• Stress Hormones (Cortisol and Aldosterone)

  Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that stimulate the conversion of proteins and fats into glucose, increase blood volume and pressure, and suppress the immune system
• Sympathetic Nervous System


  The part of the nervous system that sends impulses to glands and smooth muscles, triggering the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla
• Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

  Hormones released by the adrenal medulla that increase heart rate, raise blood glucose concentration, and cause various fight or flight responses
• Secondary Messenger Model


  A model of hormone action where the hormone (first messenger) binds to a receptor, activating adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), leading to the activation of specific enzymes
• Feeling cold in times of stress

  Redirected blood flow to muscles and decreased blood flow to the skin
• Nervous and endocrine systems working together

  Danger detected by the autonomic nervous system triggers the sympathetic nervous system, which releases hormones from the adrenal medulla, leading to various responses including glycogenolysis and increased blood glucose
• Functions of cortisol and aldosterone

  Cortisol stimulates the breakdown of proteins and fats into glucose, increases blood volume and pressure, and suppresses the immune system. Aldosterone increases the uptake of sodium ions and water by the kidneys