S/s weather and climate W1

• Weather instruments are crucial for predicting and preparing for upcoming weather conditions
• They aid in the early detection of severe weather for timely warnings
• Weather instruments play a vital role in decision-making for agriculture, aviation, and various industries
• They contribute to climate studies and advancements in forecasting technology
• Thermometer:

  • Measures temperature
• Barometer:

  • Measures atmospheric pressure
• Hygrometer:

  • Measures humidity in the air
• Anemometer:

  • Measures wind speed and direction
• Rain Gauge:

  • Collects and measures the amount of precipitation
• Weather Vane:

  • Indicates wind direction
• Weather: Atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place
• Includes factors like temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure
• Rainfall: The amount of precipitation falling from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface
• Crucial for sustaining ecosystems, agriculture, and influencing water availability
• Latitude Line: Imaginary lines running east-west on the Earth's surface
• Measure the distance north or south of the Equator in degrees
• Longitude Line: Imaginary lines running north-south from pole to pole
• Measure the distance east or west of the Prime Meridian in degrees
• International Date Line: Imaginary line at approximately 180 degrees longitude
• Marks the transition between calendar days; crossing it eastward adds a day, and westward subtracts a day
• Equator: Imaginary circle around the Earth's middle, equidistant from the North and South Poles
• Represents 0 degrees latitude; divides the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres
• Five Major Lines of Latitude: Equator (0 degrees) Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees North) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees South) Arctic Circle (66.5 degrees North) Antarctic Circle (66.5 degrees South) Two Major Lines of Longitude: Prime Meridian (0 degrees) 180 degrees (opposite the Prime Meridian, forming the International Date Line).
• Unit of measurement for weather tools:

  Thermometer: Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F) for temperature. Rain Gauge: Millimeters (mm) or inches for precipitation. Hygrometer: Percentage (%) for humidity. Anemometer: Meters per second (m/s), kilometers per hour (km/h), or miles per hour (mph) for wind speed. Wind Vane: No specific unit; indicates wind direction. Barometer: Typically measured in hectopascals (hPa) or inches of mercury (inHg) for atmospheric pressure.
• Thermometers measure temperature in Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F), rain gauges quantify precipitation in millimeters (mm) or inches, hygrometers gauge humidity in percentage (%), and anemometers determine wind speed in meters per second (m/s), kilometers per hour (km/h), or miles per hour (mph). Wind vanes indicate wind direction without specific units. Barometers, on the other hand, measure atmospheric pressure typically in hectopascals (hPa) or inches of mercury (inHg).
• Climatic graph:

  • Shows average temperature and precipitation for a place over 12 months
  • Maximum temperature: highest recorded temperature
  • Minimum temperature: lowest recorded temperature
  • Daily average temperature: sum of recorded temperatures within a day divided by the number of recordings
  • Average temperature: sum of lowest temperatures divided by the number of recordings
• Temperature graphs are constructed using temperature data
• Weather map:

  • Simple representation of weather patterns at Earth's surface
  • Shows locations and movements of different systems
• High-pressure systems:

  • Air descends towards the ground
  • Results in stable atmospheric conditions
• Low-pressure systems:

  • Air rises
  • Leads to more unstable air conditions
• Isobars:

  • Lines joining places of equal atmospheric pressure
  • Used to show pressure on a weather map by indicating the distance between the lines
• A cold front occurs when a cold air mass advances and replaces a warm air mass, leading to potentially abrupt changes in weather conditions. Typically, as the cold air displaces the warm air, it can cause thunderstorms and a rapid drop in temperature. A warm front, on the other hand, forms when a warm air mass advances over a cold air mass. As the warm air gradually rises over the cold air, it often results in more gradual weather changes, bringing about cloudiness and precipitation, usually in the form of rain.
• The formula for recording the daily average temperature is: Daily Average Temperature = Sum of recorded temperatures within a day Number of recordings Daily Average Temperature= Number of recordings Sum of recorded temperatures within a day The formula for calculating the average minimum temperature is: Average Minimum Temperature = Sum of the lowest temperatures Number of times temperatures were recorded Average Minimum Temperature= Number of times temperatures were recorded Sum of the lowest temperatures