A level AQA tudors

• Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was a key figure in shaping the doctrines and liturgy of the Church of England.
• Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn led to the establishment of the Church of England as an independent institution from Rome.
• Henry VII's policies towards the nobility focused on gaining their support while limiting their power
• Henry gave some nobles land and rewards, but also showed severe consequences for not supporting him
• Attainders were special laws passed without trial by Parliament to take away land and power from suspected disloyal nobles
• Henry reversed some attainders to secure future loyalty of nobles
• Patronage, granting land or rewards to gain support, was used sparingly by Henry VII to prevent creating new threats to the crown
• Henry became the main landowner in England by rewarding a select few supporters, while the number of nobles fell
• Notable individuals rewarded with patronage included John de Vere, Jasper Tudor, Lord Stanley, Reginald Bray, and Edmond Dudley
• Retaining, the practice of nobles keeping personal staff, was restricted by laws in Henry's reign to prevent illegal retaining
• Nobles had to obtain a license from the king to keep many men, with fines imposed for illegal retainers
• Financial controls included demanding financial bonds from nobles, with many noble families in debt to the crown by the end of Henry's reign
• Nobles under financial bonds had to remain loyal to the crown in the future
• The Council Learned in Law, set up by Henry, enforced payments of debts and ensured nobles paid their proper dues to the king
• Henry VII consolidated his power after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth
• He dated his reign from the 21st of August 1485, a day before the Battle of Bosworth, to show that he was king before the battle and anyone who fought against him could be treated as traitors
• He imprisoned many Yorkists who had a better claim to the throne, such as the Earl of Warwick
• Henry organized his coronation before a parliamentary meeting to show his right to the throne based on hereditary right rather than just parliamentary sanction
• He rewarded supporters like Jean de Vere, Thomas Stanley, William Stanley, and John Morton, who became the Lord Chancellor and later a cardinal
• Nobles whose loyalty was suspect were stripped of their lands and titles in parliamentary acts of attainder, increasing the crown's revenue and decreasing noble power
• Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV, to unify the Yorkist and Lancastrian houses, symbolized by the Tudor Rose
• Elizabeth of York gave birth to an heir, Prince Arthur, securing the Tudor dynasty's future