caves arches stacks and stumps

• 1. hydraulic actions creates a crack in the headland
• 2. hydraulic action and abrasion continue to erode the crack until it forms a cave
• 3. erosion continues and the cave widens
• 4. erosion continues and eventually, the cave breaks through the headland forming an arch
• 5. over time, the arch collapses - lack of support
• 6. the arch collapses and leaves behind a stack
• 7. the stack erodes and form a stump