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Cards (60)
Total internal reflection
occurs when light travels from a material with a
high
index of refraction to a material with a
low
index of refraction
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Total internal reflection
will not occur between
water
and
diamond
, but it can occur as
light
travels from
water
to
air
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Total internal reflection
only occurs if the
incident
angle
exceeds
the
critical
angle
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The
critical angle
is the
incident angle
when the
refracted angle
is
90
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To calculate the
critical angle
, use
Snell's Law
:
n1 sine(theta1)
=
n2 sine(theta2)
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For
air
and
water
, the
critical
angle is about
48.75
degrees
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If the
incident
angle exceeds the
critical
angle, there is no more refraction and only
reflection
occurs, leading to total internal
reflection
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For
glass
and
water
, the
critical
angle is about
62.5
degrees
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To find the
index
of
refraction
for a
solid
given a
critical
angle of
40
degrees with
air
, use
n1 sine
(
90
) =
n2 sine
(
40
)
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The
index of refraction
for the solid is
1.56
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Principal
axis is the
horizontal
line in
concave
and
convex
mirrors
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Concave
mirror has the focal point and center on the
left
side, while the
convex
mirror has them on the
right
side
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Focal length is
half
of the
radius
of
curvature
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Left side of the mirror is usually the
front side
where the object is placed,
right side
is the
back side
or
behind
the mirror
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Object distance (do) is
positive
for a
real
object,
negative
for a
virtual
object
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Image distance
(di) is
positive
for a
real
image,
negative
for a
virtual
image
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For concave mirrors, focal length is
positive
; for convex mirrors, focal length is
negative
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Magnification
(
M
) is the ratio of
image
height to
object
height, M =
-di
/
do
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If magnification is
positive
, the image is
upright
; if
negative
, the image is
inverted
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If |
M|
>
1
, the image is
enlarged
; if |
M|
<
1
, the image is
reduced
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For
concave mirrors
, if the object is
beyond
the
center
of
curvature
, a
real
,
inverted
, and
reduced
image is formed
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If the object is between the
center
of
curvature
and the
focus
, a
real
,
inverted
, and
enlarged
image is formed
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If the object is at the
center
of
curvature
, a
real
,
inverted
, and
same-sized
image is formed
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If the object is between the
focus
and the
mirror
, a
virtual
,
upright
, and
enlarged
image is formed
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If the object is at the
focus
, no
image
is formed
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For
convex mirrors
, if the object is in
front
of the mirror, a
virtual
,
upright
, and
reduced
image is formed
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If the object is
behind
the
mirror
, a
virtual
,
upright
, and
enlarged
image is formed
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For a
concave mirror
:
The
principal
axis is a
horizontal
line
The
focal
point is the point where the light rays
converge
The
distance
between the
focal
point and the
mirror
is the
focal length
The
distance
between the
object
and the
mirror
is d_o
The
height
of the
object
is h_o
The image is located where the rays intersect
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The type of image depends on the location and characteristics:
Real
image: Light rays
converge
at the image location
Virtual
image: Light rays appear to
converge
at the image location
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Magnification
:
If the height of the image is
greater
than the height of the object, magnification is
greater
than one (enlarged image)
Positive
magnification:
Upright
image
Negative
magnification:
Inverted
image
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For a
concave
mirror with the object between the
focal point
and the mirror:
The image is
upright
The image is
enlarged
The image is
virtual
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For a convex mirror:
The image is
virtual
The image is
upright
The image is
reduced in size
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For a divergent lens:
The focal length is
negative
The image is
virtual
The image is
reduced
in size
The image is
upright
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For a
convergent
lens:
The focal length is
positive
The image can be
real
or
virtual
depending on the object's location
Real image: Light rays
converge
at the image location
Virtual image: Light rays appear to converge at the image location
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Concave
or
diverging
lenses cause light rays to
diverge
and
spread
out
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Concave
lenses get
wider
towards their
ends
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Symbol for concave lens in ray diagrams:
outward pointing V shapes
at either
end
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Axis
:
horizontal line
through the
middle
of the
lens
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Focal
points: one on either side, also known as
principal focus
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Additional point labeled
2f
on either side,
twice
as
far
away from the
lens
as the
focal
point
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