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    Cards (60)

    • Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a material with a high index of refraction to a material with a low index of refraction
    • Total internal reflection will not occur between water and diamond, but it can occur as light travels from water to air
    • Total internal reflection only occurs if the incident angle exceeds the critical angle
    • The critical angle is the incident angle when the refracted angle is 90
    • To calculate the critical angle, use Snell's Law: n1 sine(theta1) = n2 sine(theta2)
    • For air and water, the critical angle is about 48.75 degrees
    • If the incident angle exceeds the critical angle, there is no more refraction and only reflection occurs, leading to total internal reflection
    • For glass and water, the critical angle is about 62.5 degrees
    • To find the index of refraction for a solid given a critical angle of 40 degrees with air, use n1 sine(90) = n2 sine(40)
    • The index of refraction for the solid is 1.56
    • Principal axis is the horizontal line in concave and convex mirrors
    • Concave mirror has the focal point and center on the left side, while the convex mirror has them on the right side
    • Focal length is half of the radius of curvature
    • Left side of the mirror is usually the front side where the object is placed, right side is the back side or behind the mirror
    • Object distance (do) is positive for a real object, negative for a virtual object
    • Image distance (di) is positive for a real image, negative for a virtual image
    • For concave mirrors, focal length is positive; for convex mirrors, focal length is negative
    • Magnification (M) is the ratio of image height to object height, M = -di/do
    • If magnification is positive, the image is upright; if negative, the image is inverted
    • If |M| > 1, the image is enlarged; if |M| < 1, the image is reduced
    • For concave mirrors, if the object is beyond the center of curvature, a real, inverted, and reduced image is formed
    • If the object is between the center of curvature and the focus, a real, inverted, and enlarged image is formed
    • If the object is at the center of curvature, a real, inverted, and same-sized image is formed
    • If the object is between the focus and the mirror, a virtual, upright, and enlarged image is formed
    • If the object is at the focus, no image is formed
    • For convex mirrors, if the object is in front of the mirror, a virtual, upright, and reduced image is formed
    • If the object is behind the mirror, a virtual, upright, and enlarged image is formed
    • For a concave mirror:
      • The principal axis is a horizontal line
      • The focal point is the point where the light rays converge
      • The distance between the focal point and the mirror is the focal length
      • The distance between the object and the mirror is d_o
      • The height of the object is h_o
      • The image is located where the rays intersect
    • The type of image depends on the location and characteristics:
      • Real image: Light rays converge at the image location
      • Virtual image: Light rays appear to converge at the image location
    • Magnification:
      • If the height of the image is greater than the height of the object, magnification is greater than one (enlarged image)
      • Positive magnification: Upright image
      • Negative magnification: Inverted image
    • For a concave mirror with the object between the focal point and the mirror:
      • The image is upright
      • The image is enlarged
      • The image is virtual
    • For a convex mirror:
      • The image is virtual
      • The image is upright
      • The image is reduced in size
    • For a divergent lens:
      • The focal length is negative
      • The image is virtual
      • The image is reduced in size
      • The image is upright
    • For a convergent lens:
      • The focal length is positive
      • The image can be real or virtual depending on the object's location
      • Real image: Light rays converge at the image location
      • Virtual image: Light rays appear to converge at the image location
    • Concave or diverging lenses cause light rays to diverge and spread out
    • Concave lenses get wider towards their ends
    • Symbol for concave lens in ray diagrams: outward pointing V shapes at either end
    • Axis: horizontal line through the middle of the lens
    • Focal points: one on either side, also known as principal focus
    • Additional point labeled 2f on either side, twice as far away from the lens as the focal point
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