✧ digestion

• Mucus protects the lining of the stomach from being digested by gastric juices.
• Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria and activates pepsinogen to form pepsin.
• Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria and activates pepsinogen to form pepsin.
• The stomach is the organ that secretes hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen (enzyme), mucus, and intrinsic factor.
• Pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides, which are then further broken down into amino acids.
• The small intestine is where most nutrient absorption occurs.
• Gastrin stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen into the stomach.
• The small intestine has three parts: duodenum (first part), jejunum (middle part), and ileum (last part).
• Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by HCl.
• The small intestine is where most nutrient absorption occurs through active transport and diffusion.
• Pancreatic juice contains enzymes such as amylase, lipase, proteases, bicarbonate, and electrolytes like sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
• Bile produced by the liver helps emulsify fats into smaller droplets, making them more accessible to lipase.
• Pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides, which are then further broken down into amino acids.
• Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, mucus, and intrinsic factor.
• The large intestine absorbs water and forms feces.
• Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase.