DT

• Iterative design process


  A circle of steps that a designer will go m through to solve a problem.

  - can go backwards and forwards between

  
  

  - research - ideate - prototype - test
• User-Centered Design (UCD)


  the design philosophy where designers identify how a product is likely to be used, taking user behavior into consideration and prioritizing user wants and needs, and placing the user at the center of the entire experience

  
  

  - international usability standard principles = ISO 9241-210

  
  

  Principles

  - the design must take full account of users, the task they perform with the product and the Enviroment in which it is used.

  - users are involved throughout the design & development process

  - design is refined by user centred evaluation

  - design process is iterative

  - design considered the whole user experience

  - design is developed by a multi-skilled, multi-disaplinary team

  
  

  
  

  Ergonomics and anthropometrics are key to UCD
• Donald Norman


  - usability is key for design

  - need for emotional attachment to products

  - relationship users have with a product that aren't purely functional
• Design influences


  - cultural and social influences from the time

  - major technological developments from the time

  - key aspects associated with the movement/designer

  - Influences on design today
• Arts and Crafts Movement

  - 1890-1910

  
  

  - Emphasizing a return to handwork, skilled craftsmanship, and attention to design in the decorative arts, from the mechanization and mass production of the Industrial Revolution

  
  

  - created products with unesisarily ornate decoration

  
  

  - born from the concern from prominent designers and social activists

  
  

  - apritiation of the materials and their construction was lost

  
  

  - drew inspiration from the medevil craftsmanship, reflecting natural forms in textures and surface design

  
  

  - wallpaper, natural beauty of timbre

  
  

  - William morris = wallpaper
• Art Deco Movement


  - 1920s-30s

  
  

  - followed the art nouveau movement

  - named after Paris exhibition in 1925

  - was known more as modern style

  
  

  - simple geometric forms, distinct change from the natural realism of the art nouveau movement

  - stepped pyramid structures (ziggurats)

  - rays or segments radiating from a central point (sunburst motif)

  
  

  - discovery of tutankharmuns tomb in 1922 = lead to an increase interest in art of the ancient world

  
  

  - end of 1st ww and changing social class systems beckons a new age of modern living = sunburst motifs

  
  

  - Eileen gray

  - alvar Aalto.
• Modernism Movement


  - 1930s-50s

  
  

  - end of ww1 presented an opportunity to make changes and modernise

  
  

  - simple forms

  - function over form

  - geometric clean lines

  
  

  - Bauhaus & de Stijl
• De Stijl


  Dutch, "the style"; an artistic movement associated with a group of early 20th-century Dutch painters who used rectangular forms and primary colors in their works and who believed that art should have spiritual values and a social purpose.

  
  

  - abstract

  
  

  - design school in the Netherlands

  
  

  - furniture, interiors, architecture.
• Bauhaus School


  - founded in 1919 by Walter Grouplus

  - apritiation of materials, amunfacrture and form

  - metal work, furniture and graphics

  - before aimed to be ture to materials and relinquish ornamentation, focusing on the aesthetics assosioated worth eh manufacture process.

  
  

  - key design principles:

  1.) form follows function

  2.) everyday products for everyday people

  3.) embracing the mashine age

  4.) simple geometric pure forms

  
  

  - very few products made it to mass production

  - was very controversial

  - introduction of tubular steel to furniture was a huge change glom largely wooden interiors of the time

  - introduction of bent plywood furniture ( epitomised by marcel Bruer)
• Streamline movement


  - 1920s-30s

  
  

  - increased use in architecture of flowing and smooth curves, bisected with chrome detailing

  - aerodynamics began to effect developments in car bodies

  - streamlining of household objects such as clock and fridges was seen as a sign of modernity

  - development of materials such as Bakelite enabled replication of the curves

  
  

  - normal bell geddes
• Post modernism


  - 1970s-80s

  
  

  - rebelled against excessive ornamentation of design

  - counter rebellion against simplicity of form and purely functional nature of modernism

  
  

  - Memphis design group - epitomised this challange towards modernism, produced playful products designed more as sculptures to be admired

  - used anthropomorphic and zoomorphic traits adding quirky associations for the users

  
  

  - bold, colourful and playful designs

  - simplistic juxtapositions of geometric forms - abstract

  - challenging forms that often comprised on function

  
  

  - Marc Newson - Lockhead lounge chair - 1986

  Needed to only be more comfortable as a bus stop

  Aim: produce a chaise lounge from what appeared to be a blob of mercury.
• Dieter Rams


  German Functionalist Designer

  
  

  - Worked with Braun and did what Bauhaus did with furniture for consumer electronics, took ornamental wooden casings and replacing them with functional minimalist designs in white and grey

  
  

  - Developments heavily depended on technological developments like the transistor and thermoplastics

  
  

  - concidered one of the hero's of mainstream modernism

  - less is more, seen in the design of the AW10 brawn watch- looses complexities such as chronograph or lots of dials

  - main influence of apples designs over the years especially the calculator app.
• Dieter Rams 10 Principles of Good Design

  1. Good design is innovative.

  2. Good design makes a product useful.

  3. Good design is aesthetic.

  4. Good design makes a product understandable.

  5. Good design is unobtrusive.

  6. Good design is honest.

  7. Good design is long-lasting.

  8. Good design is thorough down to the last detail.

  9. Good design is environmentally friendly.

  10. Good design is as little design as possible. (Less is more)
• phillipe stark
• James Dyson
• Margret Calvert
• Marianne Brant
• Charles and Ray Eames
• Technology push


  - push new products based on new solutions

  
  

  - ie Henry ford and the Morton vehical
• Market pull


  - products developed/ improved due to customer demand

  
  

  - ie: space race, forced technology to develop.
• Timeline of socio-economic influences on design

  1) 1914-1918 = WW1, forced materials that haven't been used before and new making processes, use of metal tubing increased as an alternative for wood

  
  

  2) 1919-1932 = Bauhaus school = birth of modernism, everyday products for everyday ppl, chrome plated tubular steel.

  
  

  3) 1939-1945 = WW2, severe shortage of many goods and materials - METALS! Birth of the utility movement, basic simple products. Official CC41 logo foe approved pieces of utility furniture.

  - after the war introduction of the use of polymers and new processes such as laminating.

  
  

  4) 1944-1951 = council of industrial design (COID) in 1944 as Britain was scared they were being left behind as a design and manufacture nation.

  - sucsesfull I'm introducing a programme of training, assessment and information to improve standards of design

  - 2 main achievements : ' Britain can make it' exhibition- 1946, 'festival of Britain' - 1951

  
  

  5) 1972 = design council took over from COID, address all aspects of design.
• Major developments in technology

  - thermionic valve = 1900s

  - controls and amplifies the flow of electric current. Facilitated by the development of radios, tvs etc.

  
  

  - transistor = 1940s

  - William Shockley, semi-conductive devises, pivotal in the development on the information and technology we now rely on. Opened up the world for miniaturisation. Now 10bn transistors can be incorporated into one device

  
  

  - integrated circuit = 1950s/60s

  - small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected components such as transistors, resistors and capacitors.
• Moore law


  - 1965, every year, ICs would contain twice as many transistors as they had the year before

  - 1975 changed it to every 2 years
• Impact of microelectronics on designing and manufacturing practice

  - made it possible to incorporate powerful microprocessor ICs in CNC machines

  - made it possible for computers to work at high speed, complete millions of calculations required for manipulating designs in CAD

  - improved communications between designers

  - AGVs, CNC, PDF data sheets, digital photographs, 3D printing, QC & testing.

  - wireless products and communications

  - smaller, less bulky products and more energy efficient products
• New materials: Glulam


  - several pieces of timber that are glued together to create strong, composite components for use in buildings, bridges and other structures

  
  

  - stronger than using solid timber

  
  

  - has better strength : weight ratio

  
  

  - easy to form and shape with lower energy costs

  
  

  - variants such as cross laminated timber (CLT) are more sheet based and have strength in both directions

  
  

  - sustainable resource
• New materials: Kevlar


  - form of aromatic polyamide ( ring like molecules connected in long chains )

  
  

  - artificial fibre that has tremendous toughness and tensile strength due to the density of the chemical bonds

  
  

  - combined into woven materials that are often combined with various resins into advanced composite materials

  
  

  - used for bullet proof vests

  
  

  - Boeing 787 Dreamliner - Kevlar honey comb panels.
• New materials: PMC


  - consists of microscopic particles of gold, silver and other metals

  
  

  - bonded together in a pliable , medium so the can easily be shaped into jewlery.

  
  

  - sintering process is carried out, raising the temperature of the clay until particles fuse, the binding medium is burnt off

  
  

  - latest PMC only needs 10 mins of heating at 700 degrees

  
  

  - shrinks about 10% in the process
• New materials: nano-materials


  - nanotechnology involves the precise manipulation of nanomaterials.

  
  

  - particles in the atomic and molecular size range of 1-100 nanometers

  - being used to form adhesives in sunscreen and cosmetics

  
  

  - being investigated as a way of making more advances ' nano-electronic' devices - smaller and greater capacity

  
  

  - offers a way of coating materials and products

  
  

  - medical and energy applications

  
  

  - Samsung = exploring using graphene coated anodes to extend battery life.

  
  

  Not recyclable and is potentially toxic.
• New methods of manufacture: hydro forming.


  - single stage of forming complex sheet metal parts using a single side former by the action of a shockwave generated by an electrical spark in a tank of water

  
  

  - first introduced in the mid 20th century

  
  

  - popular because...

  1) only needs a one sided former feather than the two required for conventional press

  2) can produce deep, complex and detailed shapes

  3) range of materials and thickness

  4) evenly distributes materials, avoiding weak spots
• New methods of manufacture: 3D printing of metals

  - uses a form of selective laser sintering (SLS) called direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)

  
  

  - laser is used to sinter (fuse) metal particles layer by layer to built up the required form

  
  

  - can create parts that are strong and lightweight

  
  

  - can atcheive complex internal features like undercuts and internal voids that are incompatible with other manufacturing techniques such as casting

  
  

  - appropriate for making one-off prototypes and test parts
• New methods of manufacture: fibre injection moulding

  - recent development of standard injection moulding

  
  

  - long fibre injection moulding, reinforcing fibre roving ( a number of slightly twisted strands on a continuous reel) is incorporated directly into the polymer being moulded.

  
  

  - popular in the automotive industry

  
  

  - capable of creating very strong, stiff, lightweight products

  
  

  - some polyamides can be electroplated in the same way as ABS and metals to give a higher quality finish

  
  

  - sustainable, facilitates the reuse of carbon fibre fabric.
• New methods of manufacture: laser beam welding


  - automotive manufacture

  
  

  - intense heat beam is used to join multiple pieces of metal

  
  

  - fast and produce narrower and deeper welds

  
  

  - twin laser beams can be used

  
  

  - can also be combined with MIG and TIG welding to increase efficiency

  
  

  - can weld dissimilar metals

  
  

  - minimal distortion and is more accurate

  
  

  - smooth so doesn't require additional finishes

  
  

  - high capital loss

  - needs a clean environment to protect the optics

  - additional health and safety concerns.
• Internet of Things (IoT)

  a world where interconnected, Internet-enabled devices or "things" can collect and share data without human intervention through WiFi and the internet

  
  

  - massive potential for improving the way that manufacturing works as well as more mundane domestic tasks

  
  

  - fridges = use cameras and RFID tags to order food as it rounds out

  
  

  - JIT could integrate a similar process

  
  

  - facilities predicted maintenance, constantly monitoring the condition of elements in a machine
• Advancements in CAD/CAM


  - Increased the potential for designing and making products with the help of computers e.g. cloud-based software and VR.

  
  

  - the growth in the use of file formats such as drawing exchange formats (DXF) and stereolithography to connect CAD/CAM

  
  

  - trend towards computer based design and manufacture, boost with development of 3D printing.

  
  

  - use of FEA and CFD

  
  

  - development of internet based Cam/CAD software packages - dont have to be on a specific computer or work network

  
  

  - mass customisation
• Ethical production methods - Foxconn


  Several workers killed themselves due to the stressful and poor work environment
• Inclusive design - disability discriminations act


  - 1995

  
  

  - doesnt directly dictate requirements for product design

  
  

  - encourages accessibility improvements

  
  

  - empathetic research - Ford - atheritus suit, site loss goggles
• Poverty health and wellbeing

  - declaration of human rights - 1948

  - ' everyone has a right to a standard of living adequate for health and safety, wellbeing of themselves and their family's'

  
  

  - Trevor Baylis = became aware of the unaffordability and availability of batteries to power radios in parts of Africa.

  - lack of information recieved via broadcasts

  - so developed a wind up clock radio that doesnt require batteries

  
  

  - yanko = online design blog started a competition to encourage designers to work on problems faced by the poor

  
  

  - IP, hinders development of affordable products
• Migration


  - results in massive contemporary communities, not enough infrastructure to support it

  
  

  Food & water = trough style solar cookers for refugees in Burkina Faso. Sun Dwater - developed water distillation equipment that converts water into safe drinking water using solar power

  
  

  Housing = ikea, flat pack 'better shelter' used in Iraq and eithiopia

  
  

  Medical care = United Nations population fund, hospitainers and maternitaners - shipping containers adapted for the use of mobile hospitals and maternity units, have been dispatched in Iraq and Syria.
• The product life cycle

  The stages through which goods and services move from the time they are introduced on the market until they are taken off the market.

  
  

  - introduction = product is launched, demand pull or market push, advertising and social media

  
  

  - growth = sales grow, advertising to make customers aware of the benefits of the product

  
  

  - maturity = growth in sales peak, company's try and maintain it for as long as they can by releasing updates and accessories

  
  

  - decline = sales start to diminish, people already brought the product so companies release a new product

  
  

  - fairphone = trying to move away from this approach, heart of their designs is upgradable and repairable - sustainable.
• The use of a design process


  - a system that organises how a prototype or product is developed

  - several different design process models that can be used, all of which start with the identification of the problem.

  
  

  - typical design process...

  problem/brief

  Investigation/ analysis, specification created

  Developing ideas, modelling, planning production

  Making prototypes

  Evaluating prototypes