raws

• Types of Discourse:

  • Argumentation: aims to persuade
  • Description: based on main impression
  • Exposition: aims to inform and explain
  • Narration: recalls events chronologically
• Three types of literary discourse:

  • Poetic: common in creative works
  • Expressive: typically written in 1st person point of view
  • Transactional: provides detailed information
• Academic Discourse:

  • Uses the 3rd person point of view
  • Maintains an objective tone
• Introduction:

  • Significance of the topic

  Body:

  • Discusses the methods

  Conclusion:

  • Reiterates the claims and asserts his or her stand
• Writing in Science is quantitative in nature

  • Case Study: study of a specific object
  • Laboratory Report: an experiment
  • Field Report: aims to analyze and descriptive in nature
• Writing in Business follows a strict format

  • Memorandum: communication in a corporate setting
  • Resume: shows personal background
  • Letter of Request: persuasive in nature
• Writing in Humanities aims to convince

  • Critique: writer is knowledgeable
  • Review: presents observations
• Citation guides refer to carefully crafted formats

  • Author's Name
  • Title
  • Year of Publication
  • Page Numbers
• APA (American Psychological Association) is common in social sciences

  MLA (Modern Language Association) is common in humanities
• Main Consideration:

  • Date
  • Author
  • Name of Reference List

  Work Cited Reference

  Order of Sources:

  • Alphabetical
  • Alphabetical

  Author Format:

  • Last Name + Initials
  • Full First + Last Name

  AND vs &

  & AND

  In-Text Citation:

  • Author, Year, Page (CJ, 2024, p. 8)
  • Author, Page (CJ 8)
• Narration tells a story

  Description gives information

  Definition explains something

  Exemplification gives an example

  Classification arranges subjects
• Comparison-Contrast to compare

  Cause explains why something happens

  Effect explains what happens after

  Problem situations that cause troubles

  Solutions a way to deal with the troubles
• Persuasive Writing intends to convince

  Techniques:

  • Presenting Strong Evidence
  • Reasonable Examples
  • Accurate Information
• Three (3) Modes of Persuasion (Aristotle):

  • Ethos: writer expertise (the experts)
  • Pathos: appeal to emotions
  • Logos: appeal to logic and reason
• Six (6) Common Logical Fallacies:

  • Ad Hominem: attacking the person
  • Faulty Cause & Effect: not related reason
  • Either/Reasoning: two options that do not recognize complexity
  • Hasty Generalization: conclusion drawn based on little evidence
  • False Analogy: one reason may apply to one but not to the other
  • Circular Reasoning: supporting details are merely rephrasing the statement
• Frequently Used Sources of Information in Persuasive Writing:

  • Facts: based on experts and studies
  • Statistics: accurate numbers
  • Judgment: facts with his/her judgment
  • Testimony: eye witness and expert opinion