Geography

• London: Urbanisation

  Urbanisation - the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.

  56.2% of the global population live in cities.
• London: Urbanisation

  Rural ➡️ urban migration = the movement of people from the countryside to the city.
• London: urbanisation

  Water deficit - not enough water to meet demands. London is the driest part of the UK and most densely populated.

  Desalination - converting salty water to water. Plant opened in London in 2010
• London: Urbanisation

  Megacities - those with ove 10 million people.
• London: urbanisation

  In the UK, Urbanisation occurred during the Industrail Revolution (1750-1900).

  Counter-urbanisation - when people in HICs are now leaving cities to live in the countryside.
• London: population distribution

  Most populated: London (7,513,000)

  2nd most populated: Birmingham (992,000)

  3rd most populated: Leeds (720,000)
• London: Social and economic inequalities

  London has been described as one of the most unequal cities in the world.
• London: Kensington + Chelsea v Newham


  Kensington and Chelsea are richer than Newham.

  
• London: transport

  Traffic problems in London:

  • Congestion
  • Road rage
  • Noise
  • Pollution
  • People being late
• London: The Elizabeth line

  Elizabeth line - a new East to West rail route across London.

  Positives:

  • An extra 200 mill journeys per year
  • Better access for disabled ppl
• London: The Elizabth Line

  Negatives:

  • Property values increase by 25% around Slough
  • Costs spiralled from £15 bill to £18 bill
  • Fell massively behind schedule
• London: Urban Greening

  London is one of the greenest cities in the world - 47% is green space.

  Benefits:

  • Reduce flood risk
  • Increase animal habitat
  • Cleaner air
  • Improves mental health
  • Less pollution
  • Food production - 30,000 allotments
  • Leisure activities
• London: urban greening

  What is the Green Grid?

  Project aimed at linking all of green areas of London together.
• London: housing in/around London

  Urban rural Fringe - areas on the edges of cities that blend into the countryside.

  Urban sprawl - when cities grow outwards.

  Green belt - restricted area around a city where u can't develop.

  Commuter settlement - towns and villages surrounding a city e.g. Slough.
• London: housing issues

  Greenfield sites: sites not been built on before.

  Brownfield sites: areas that have been built on before but have become derelict.
• London: Heygate estate

  Regenerated into Elephant Park.

  • Buildings lasted 40 years
  • Demolished in 2015
  • Crime and poverty
  • 3000 people abandoned their flats
  • Asbestos used in construction (unsafe)
• London: elephant park

  New and improved features:

  • Shops
  • Public spaces
  • Property developer - Lend Lease
  • Largest new park for 70 years
  • 5,000 new jobs
  • 3,000 new homes
  • £300m invested in the area
  • All homes 35% lower emissions
• London: elephant park

  Sustainable features:

  • 1200 new trees
  • 122 mature trees kept from previously
  • Communal grow gardens
  • Dual flush toilets
  • Save 30% more water than average London home
  • Rain water harvesting
  • Large windows for light
  • Solar panels
  • Ventilation systems
• London: Heygate estate

  Negative:

  • Residents were evicted
  • Given small compensation
  • Forced to live in areas such as Slough
  • Lack of affordable housing in elephant park
• Challenge of natural hazards:

  Natural hazard - a force of nature that poses a threat to people.

  Examples:

  • Tornado
  • Forest fires
  • Volcanic eruption
  • Flood
  • Tsunami
  • Avalanche
• Challenge of Natural Hazards:

  Hydrological events - to do with rivers and the water cycle.

  Climatological events - to do with the earth's climate.

  Meteorological events - to do with the earth's weather.

  Geophysical events - to do with the earth's structure and processes.
• Challenge of natural hazards:

  Most number of deaths come from hydrological events (66%).
• Tectonic plates:

  Inner core - solid iron, 5500°c

  Outer core - liquid iron

  Mantle - molten rock "magma"

  Crust - solid outer layer, 6-60km thick, split into tectonic plates

  
• Tectonic plates: convection currents

  Convection currents move the tectonic plates on the crust.

  Heat rises from the core, pushing magma up to the crust where it cools and sinks back down.
• Tectonic plates

  Continental crust:

  .30-70km thick

  .Less dense

  .Can't be subduction

  .Can't be created or destroyed

  .Over 1500 million years old

  Oceanic crust:

  .6-10km thick

  .more dense

  .can be subduction

  . Can be created/destroyed

  .less than 200 million years old
• Structure of a volcano

  Effects of volcanoes:

  Primary:

  Lava flows - speed of 15mph, destroy crops.

  Pyroclastic flows - deadly clouds of Ash and gas, speed of 200mph.

  Ash - destroy crops, suffocation.

  Gases - CO2 can suffocate and kill livestock + people.

  Tephra/pumice/volcanic bombs - lumps of debris thrown out.

  Secondary:

  Lahars - mudflows which smother and kill.

  Diseases - cholera and typhoid from unclean water.

  Homelessness etc - major problems in LIC's
• Structure of a volcano

  Structure:

  
• Managing volcanic hazards: planning

  Plot where the hazards will go on a map. But volcanoes are highly unpredictable.
• Managing volcanic hazards: prediction

  Warning signs:

  . Earth tremours - seisometer detects

  . Give off gases - Co-spec detects

  . Ground can change and bulge - tiltmeter detects

  . Small eruptions of ash

  Permanent observatory - building close to the volcano

  Satellites- detect change in temperature and shape
• Managing volcanic hazards: protection

  Blocking course of lava:

  • Damming the lava
  • Building barrier walls
  • Building channels- very expensive
• Volcanoes:

  Why do people live near?

  • Fossil fules - lush vegetation turns to coal
  • Valuable materials - copper, silver, gold and lead
  • Good soil - lava breaks down to make fertile soil
  • Geothermal energy - water pumped onto hot rocks to create steam for buildings
  • Money from tourism
• Mumbai

  Largest city in India
• Mumbai

  Facts:

  • Has low crime
  • Taxis are cheap
  • Bad sewage smells
  • Bad traffic
  • Cheap food and drink
  • 22 million people
  • Street food
  • Trains are rammed
  • Old-fashioned cars
• Mumbai


  More facts

  • It is capital city of the Indian state Maharashtra
  • Houses indias Hindi Bollywood
  • 25% of industrial output from india + 70% of sea trade
  • Wealthiest city in India
• Mumbai: dharavi

  Opportunities:

  . Low rents of £2.20 a month

  . In heart of Mumbai

  . Has gas and electricity

  . 15000 single roomed factories

  . Produces £350 million per year

  . 85% have a job

  . 80% of plastic recycled

  . Recycling district "Compound 13"

  Challenges:

  . Overcrowding

  . Over 1 million people

  . Open sewers

  . 1 Square mile

  . Air pollution

  . Sweat shops - child labour

  . Mithi river- sewage

  . 4000 stomach illnesses per day
• What is the dharavi redevelopment project?

  Flatten dharavi and build tower blocks in replacement.
• How many people live on 6% of Mumbai?

  55%
• How many people in dharavi have access to safe drinking water?

  24% of residents
• Mumbai

  Toxic levels are 3× more than the safe limit
• What is the average wage in dharavi?

  £0.80 a day