Gender

• Madhura Ingalhaliker et al scanned the brains of 949 young men and owmen, using MRI imaging they mapped the connections between different parts of the brain

  Male brains display more intense activity within the brains individual parts

  Female brains show better connections between different left and right sides of the brain

  Male brains work best on a single complex task whereas female work best on several tasks
• What is gender identity disorder?

  When someone feels their is a mismatch between their biological sex and their psychological gender
• What research was conducted into androgyny?

  • Bem's sex role inventory
• What did bems sex role inventory look like?

  • Self report
  • Measure of masculine/feminine
  • How they identify themselves psychologically
  • 60 Personality traits, 7 point scale
  • Sterotypically gendered behaviour
• What is klinefelters syndrome?

  • Males are born with an extra X chromosome
  • Less muscular and less facial hair
  • Bad social interactions
• What is turners syndrome?

  • Only 1 x chromosomes, the other is missing completely or partly
  • Females with this tend to be shorter
  • Often have poorer spatial ability and maths
• The batista boys?

  • Dominican republic family with a rare condition
  • Missing enzyme that prevents the production of a specific form of the male sex hormone
  • Born with female gentials but are XY, at puberty they grow masculine genitals
• Oxytocin is a natural hormone that stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth and lactation after childbirth
• Piaget developed the theory of cognitive development which proposes childrens thoughts of the world changes as they mature and grow older
• What are the stages of piagets development?

  • Sensorimotor stage
  • Preoperational stage
  • Concrete operational
  • Formal operational
• What were Kohlbergs gender constancy stages?

  • Gender identity
  • Gender stability
  • Gender constancy
• Supporting evidence of Kohlbergs work comes from Slaby and Frey who used interviews of children aged 2-5 and a half and they were consistent with kohlberg
• what are some negativs of Kohlbergs research?

  • He ignored effects of social influence and conitioning
  • Slaby and Fray found some children developed gender constancy before 6 years
• What did slaby and frey's research look like?

  • Children presented with split screen images of males and females doing a task
  • Younger children spent equal time watching both, but gender constant children looked at the model of the same gender
  • Reliable and easy controlled
• Alexander et al showed 30 babies a truck/baby, he recorded their visual attention aand length of observations. He found that girls look at the babies much more, and the boys look at the trucks significantally more

  Therefore suggesting boys are more stronger in gender identity
• Gender schema is a set of beliefes related to gender derived from evidence/experience
• JOHN MONEY
• which theorists conducted research into gender schema theory?

  • Martin and Halverson
• Positives of gender schema?

  • More likely to take on info if it fits their schema
  • Showed children drawings of males or females doing an activity sterotypical of their gender
  • More likely to remember the sterotypical gender activity
• Negatives of gender schema?

  • Alexander et al's research
• What are the 5 psychosexual development stages?

  • Oral
  • Anala
  • Phalic
  • latent
  • Genital
• What is the oedipus complex?

  • Boys desiring mother
  • Feel aggressive to father
  • Father is more powerful so have castration anxiety
  • Internalies their farther and develop a male gender identity
  • Displaces desire for mother on other women
• What is the electra complex?

  • Girls experience penis envy
  • Hostile towards mother as blame them for castration but fear losing mothers love because of feelings for their father
• What is supporting evidence for thge oedipus complex?

  Little Hans
• Criticism of little hans supportinge evidence?

  • Subjective
  • Cant generalise
  • Lacks temporal validity
• What did Karen Horney's "Womb envy" research look like?

  • Women dont evny a males penis but his status and power
  • Males envy the womb as they dont have as much involvement in child birth
  • Freud is GENDER BIAS
• Who researched the effot of peers in SLT?

  • Maccoby and Jacklin
  • Found children aged 3+ prefer same-sex playmates, when they organise activities they segregate according to gender
• Who researched into the effect of media on gender roles?

  • Williams
  • Natural experiment in Canada
  • Looked at effect of TV being introduced to a town compared it to a nearby town that already had TVs
  • Measures of attitude and behaviours were taken before and after the introduction of TV
  • At start, gender stereotyping was greater in the town with TVs
  • And the other town with no TVS gender stereotyping increased when they had TV's
• Perry and Bussey?

  • 8-10 year olds shown films of males and females selecting fruit from bowl and observed making own choice. The children tended to pick the same fruit as the same gender model.
• Supporting evidence that cultural influences gender roles comes from?

  • Margret Mead
  • Studied social groups in Papa New Guinea
  • she argued that the Arapesh men and women were gentle, but the Mundugumor men and women were violent and the Tchambuli exhibited gender role differences with women being dominant and men dependant
  • She concluded that this data demonstrated cultural determinism and that gender differences are determined by social factors
• What is evidence from the biological approach of gender identity disorder?

  • Ning Zhou found that sexually dimorphic nuceli is 40% larger in males than females
• What is evidence from the psychodanalytic explanation of gender identity disorder?

  • ovesesy and person
  • Argued that GID in males is caused by the child experiences extreme seperation anxiety before gender identity is established
• What is evidence from the cognitive explanation of GID?

  • Liben and bigler
  • Some children who are exposed to non-typical gender roles in their environment may develop gender schema which involves identification with behaviours from the opposite gender
• John Money believed that gender identity is primarily learned through one’s upbringing (nurture) as opposed to one’s inborn traits (nature). He proposed that gender identity could be changed through behavioural interventions, and he advocated that gender reassignment was the solution for treating any child with intersex traits or atypical sex anatomies.