SCIENCE REVIEWER MOD7

• Living organisms can perform self-sustaining biological processes
• Living organisms are complex and highly organized
• Living organisms are capable of growth and development
• Living organisms utilize material and energy
• Living organisms reproduce
• Living organisms exhibit evolutionary adaptation
• Living organisms respond to stimuli
• Living things consist of a hierarchy of increasing complexity, from atoms and molecules to organ systems
• Different organelles make up the cell, and cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues
• Several types of tissues carrying out the same function are combined into organs
• Various types of organs working together make up organ systems
• Organ systems functioning together make up a living organism
• Growth refers to an increase in size and volume in living organisms
• Growth can be classified into accretion and intussusception
• Accretion is growth that occurs in nonliving things through the external addition of materials
• Intussusception is growth from within that occurs among living things
• Development is the process that occurs in an organism's life resulting in a more complex organism
• Human development includes changes from conception to adulthood
• All living organisms need energy to maintain their organization and carry out life's activities
• Animals obtain energy by eating food, while plants obtain energy through photosynthesis
• Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell
• Catabolism breaks down material to harvest energy and nutrients, while anabolism builds vital compounds such as proteins
• Living things have the ability to reproduce their own kind through reproduction
• Unicellular organisms like amoeba can reproduce through asexual reproduction by cell division
• Multicellular organisms usually reproduce through sexual reproduction, resulting from the union of gametes from two parent organisms
• Living organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment for better survival
• Adaptation refers to changes in physical attributes that organisms undergo as they interact with their environment
• Living organisms respond to stimuli in the external environment
• Stimuli elicit reactions or responses, and the response of an organism to a stimulant is called tropism
• Examples of tropism include geotropism, hydrotropism, phototropism, chemotropism, and thigmotropism
• Integumentary System:

  • Organs include the skin, hair, and nails
  • Skin is the largest organ in the body
  • Functions: encloses and protects the body, sensory receptors, defense against pathogens, regulates body temperature, eliminates wastes in sweat
• Skeletal System:

  • Consists of bones, joints, teeth
  • Functions: supports the body, gives it shape, enables movement, protects internal organs, stores calcium, produces red and white blood cells
• Muscular System:

  • Consists of skeletal muscles, smooth muscle tissues, cardiac muscle tissues
  • Functions: skeletal muscles allow voluntary movements, smooth muscles control involuntary movements of internal organs, cardiac muscles control the beating of the heart
• Nervous System:

  • Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
  • Controls voluntary and involuntary responses, detects and processes sensory information
• Endocrine System:

  • Made up of glands that secrete hormones into the blood
  • Functions: control body functions like metabolism, growth, sexual development
• Cardiovascular System:

  • Includes the heart, blood, arteries, veins, capillaries
  • Functions: transports oxygen and nutrients, removes waste materials, regulates body temperature, transports hormones
• Urinary System:

  • Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
  • Functions: filters excess water and waste products from the blood, produces urine, regulates blood pressure and production of red blood cells
• Respiratory System:

  • Includes nasal passages, lungs, trachea
  • Functions: delivers oxygen to the blood, removes carbon dioxide from the body
• Lymphatic System:

  • Collects excess fluid (lymph) and transports it to the bloodstream
  • Includes lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen
  • Functions: removes pathogens and cellular debris, produces white blood cells
• Digestive System:

  • Consists of organs like mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
  • Functions: digests food, absorbs nutrients, excretes waste products