Unit 1 - Introduction

• Anatomy


  the study of the structure of the body, focuses on position, size, and relationship of the various structures of the healthy human body
• Physiology


  the study of the function of the body, focuses on function rather than structure ex. nutrition, transport, metabolism and information transfer (i.e. how things work)
• Level of Structural Complexity

  Molecules, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
• Molecules


  groups of atoms held together by various forces in a definite arrangement
• Important Molecules

  water, sugars, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals
• Cell


  The smallest unit of living organisms, each performs a specific function
• Tissue


  Group of similar cells that perform a common function
• Organ


  Two or more tissues combine to perform a specific function(s), ex. liver tissue + connective tissue + nervous tissue + cardiovascular tissue = liver (organ)
• Organ System

  Organs that work together for a common purpose ex. digestive system
• Organism

  All organ systems (11 in humans) working together
• 11 Different Organ Systems

  Integumentary (skin), Skeletal (bones), Muscular (muscles), Nervous (nerves), Endocrine (hormones), Cardiovascular (heart), Lymphatic (immune system), Respiratory (airways), Digestive (food), Urinary (waste removal), Reproductive (offspring)

  
• Integumentary (skin)


  acts as a barrier, regulates body temp, senses environment

  
• Skeletal (bones)


  provides framework, protects organs, forms blood cells, stores minerals

  
• Muscular (muscles)

  contract and shorten, required for movement (internal and external)

  
• Nervous (nerves)


  regulates the body, receives, interprets and transmits information, electrical impulses

  
• Endocrine (hormones)


  glands that secrete hormones, regulate: growth, metabolism, reproduction

  
• Cardiovascular (heart)


  consists of the heart and blood vessels, responsible from transporting blood (nutrients) through the body

  
• Lymphatic (immune system)


  returns water to blood, filters bodily fluids, contains much of our immune system

  
• Respiratory (airways)


  airways and lungs, responsible for gas exchange, remove CO2, obtain O2

  
• Digestive (food)


  breaks down food, absorption of nutrients into the body, eliminates undigested foodstuffs

  
• Urinary (waste removal)


  removes nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water and ion levels

  
• Reproductive (offspring)

  production of offspring, males and females have different structures

  
• Life Processes

  Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Homeostasis

  
• Metabolism


  we can break down molecules which can be used to produce energy and necessary reactions to live
• Responsiveness


  our body can sense changes external and internal environments, how to respond and execute it

  
• Movement


  substances must be propelled throughout the body (digestion, circulation, urination), parts our whole bodies can be moved through the use of the muscular and skeletal system
• Growth


  many cells have the ability to grow and divide following an increase in demand

  
• Differentiation


  stem cells are unspecialized or immature cells of the body that divide, some of the new daughter cells mature into cells with specific shapes and functions

  
• Keep Boundaries / Reproduction


  sperm and eggs from our reproductive systems can unite, producing of offspring also refers to individual cells throughout our body
• Homeostasis


  A relatively steady internal state (while the world around us changes), normal, healthy, middle range, usually maintained through negative feedback mechanisms, not too much, not too little
• Orientation


  means point of view - front view, end view
• Anatomical Position


  standing erect arms at sides palms forward feet close together

  
• superior


  near or at the top
• inferior


  near or at the bottom

  
• anterior


  (ventral) a near or at the front
• posterior


  (dorsal) near or at the back
• proximal


  near the beginning of; close to the point of attachment

  
• distal


  near the end of; away from the point of attachment, distal is the farthest point

  
• medial


  toward the median line

  
• lateral


  away from median line