Separating mixtures

• Filtration is a separation technique that separates solids from liquids by passing them through a filter paper or cloth.
• Crystallisation is used to separate the solvent from the solute obtaining the solute
• Crystallisation to dryness crystals are small in size, white in color and contain no water of crystallisation


  crystallisation to dryness - All the solvent is evapotated
• Crystallisation to the point of crystallisation, dip a rod in intervals
• Crystallisation to the point of crystallisation the crystals will appear large in size, usually colored and containing water of crystallisation
• water of crystallisation refers to water molecules that are bonded to the substance. These water molecules are important for the stability of the crystal
• Simple distillation is used to separate a solvent from a solute obtaining the solvent
• The liebig condenser is made up of 2 glass tubes called concentric tubes
• outer tube, cold water flows upwards


  inner tube, steam flows downwards
• This method of cooling is called counter current flow. (liebig condenser)
• Fractional distillation is used to separate immiceble liquids with close boiling points
• the boiling point of ethanol is 78 degrees celcius
• Anti bumping granules are used in fractional distillation so they will brake instead of the glass apparatus
• Industrial uses of fractional distillation are to seperate components of liquid air to obtain oxygen and nitrogen


  to seperate different oil fractions at crude oil
• seperating immicible liquids is used to seperate liquids that dont mix
• Sublination is when a solid is heated, skips the liquid state and directly changes to gas
• To undergo sublimation, the element needs to be a sublimate these are Iodine I2, Ammonium chloride NH4CL, Anhyudrous iron 111 chloride FeCL3 and solid carbon dioxide (dry ice)