movement analysis

• Three planes of motion in which we move:

  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal plane
  • Transverse plane
• Sagittal plane:

  • Splits the body down the middle into left and right sides
  • Movement within the sagittal plane results in forwards or backwards motion (e.g., walking or running)
• Frontal plane:

  • Splits the body into front and back sections
  • Allows sideways movement to the left and right
• Transverse plane:

  • Divides the body across the middle into top and bottom sections
  • Allows rotational movement (e.g., spinning around in a circle)
• Each plane of motion works alongside an axis of rotation
• Axis of rotation:

  • Sagittal plane works with the transverse axis (runs through the body from hip to hip)
  • Frontal plane works with the sagittal axis (stabs through the center of the body)
  • Transverse plane works with the longitudinal axis (runs through the body as a vertical line)
• Specific movements based on planes and axes:

  • Sagittal plane with transverse axis: forward roll, backward roll, or somersault
  • Frontal plane with sagittal axis: cartwheel
  • Transverse plane with longitudinal axis: twist jump, spinning (e.g., hammer throw or twist jump in ice skating)
• All human movement occurs around levers
• Human movement is circular or part circular due to levers
• Levers consist of four components: lever arm, fulcrum, load/resistance, and effort
• Effort is provided by muscles, such as the bicep in a bicep curl
• There are three classifications of levers: class one, class two, and class three
• Class one lever: Fulcrum is in the middle, like in neck extension
• Class two lever: Load is in the middle, like in plantar flexion at the ankle
• Class three lever: Effort is in the middle, like in a bicep curl
• Mechanical advantage occurs when the effort arm is longer than the load arm
• Mechanical advantage allows for lifting large loads with little effort
• Levers are simple mechanisms found all over the body, specifically at joints like the elbow, shoulder, neck, and hip
• Levers are important in sports as they allow movements like running, jumping, turning, and other necessary actions
• Levers can be categorized into three types: first class, second class, and third class
• All levers have a fulcrum (joint), an effort (muscle providing energy for movement), and a load (body part being moved)
• First class levers have the fulcrum between the load and the effort, like in a seesaw
• Second class levers have the load between the effort and the fulcrum, like in a wheelbarrow
• Third class levers have the effort between the load and the fulcrum, like a fishing rod or shovel
• Mechanical advantage occurs when the effort arm is further from the fulcrum than the load arm, making it easier to lift
• Mechanical disadvantage occurs when the load arm is further from the fulcrum than the effort arm
• Planes and axes of movement are key terminology used to describe movement in sports
• Planes are the channels or surfaces in which movement can occur
• Axes are central points or lines around which movement can turn
• The sagittal axis runs through the center of the body, allowing rotation around that central point (e.g., in a cartwheel motion)
• The frontal axis allows forward or backward rotation (e.g., in a forward or backward somersault)
• The vertical axis runs from top to bottom, enabling 360-degree rotating action (e.g., in a transverse plane movement)
• The sagittal plane is to the side, the frontal plane is forwards or backwards, and the transverse plane is a 360-degree rotation
• To remember levers:

  • First-class levers have the fulcrum in the middle
  • Second-class levers have the load in the middle
  • Third-class levers have the effort in the middle
• First-class levers can have mechanical advantage or disadvantage based on the fulcrum placement
• Second-class levers always have mechanical advantage
• Third-class levers always have mechanical disadvantage
• Remember the axes:

  • Sagittal axis runs through the belly button
  • Frontal plane is to the side
  • Frontal axis is in line with the frontal plane
  • Sagittal plane is in line with the sagittal axis
  • Vertical axis runs from top to bottom in the transverse plane
• Planes


  Imaginary lines that movement direction occurs in
• Axes


  Lines about which the body or body part can turn