NSC Quiz 2

• Neurons communicate through the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.
• Five structures/systems of the forebrain

  1. Cerebral cortex

  2. Thalamus

  3. Hypothalamus

  4. Limbic System

  5. Basal Ganglia
• Central Nervous System


  brain, brain stem and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System

  somatic branch: sensory/motor spinal nerves in the body

  autonomic branch: sympathetic division and parasympathetic
• Brain's 4 Protections

  The skull, meninges, blood supply, cerebrospinal fluid
• Meninges


  function: physical protection

  three layers & space: dura mater, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia mater

  meningitis
• Blood Supply


  protects brain from toxins, cerebral arteries, bbb protects the brain. disorder: strokes
• Cerebrospinal Fluid


  type of fluid contained to ventricular system

  function: protection, holding head up

  production, flow, reabsorption

  disorder: lumbar puncture, hydrocephalus
• Cerebral Cortex

  Thin & convoluted

  4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

  association cortex
• Frontal Lobe

  mostly motor function

  primary motor cortex produces voluntary movement

  broca's area (speech production)

  association cortex: exec. functioning

  disorders: schizophrenia, adhd

  phineas gage
• parietal lobe cortex

  primary somatosensory cortex: kinesthesia, skilled movement

  cortical area for taste

  association cortex: matches memories with senses

  disorder: unilateral neglect, damage to right parietal lobe causes attention problems in left field of vision
• occipital lobe

  visual cortex

  association cortex (perceiving color, movement)
• temporal lobe


  primary auditory cortex

  olfactory cortex (smell)

  wernicke's area (speech comprehension)

  association cortex

  capgras syndrome
• Thalamus


  2 large lobes in center and base of forebrain

  sensory relay station
• hypothalamus


  four F's: fight, flight, feeding, fornicating

  controls pituitary gland / endocrine system
• basal ganglia


  complex motor control system - balance, starting and stopping movements

  parkinson's disease
• limbic system


  circuit of structures connected by fibers

  emotional brain, hippocampus, amygdala
• Midbrain


  A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward. Tectum - 4 bumps, sensory part, Tegmentum (motor part). Source of dopamine. Reticular Formation extends throughout brain stem to rest of CNS. Arousal, muscle tone, etc
• Hindbrain


  Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla
• Cerebellum


  motor coordination, procedural memory. Plays a role in autism
• Pons: upper brain stem


  also called the bridge to the cerebellum, source of serotonin and norepinephrine, arousal and sleep
• Medulla: lower brain stem


  function: vegetative/life sustaining fx

  SIDS
• Spinal Cord

  elongated tube protected by vertebral column bone

  connects to spinal nerves and brain

  spinal reflexes (patellar and withdrawal)
• PNS


  Somatic NS, spinal nerves and cranial nerves.

  Olfactory and optic are spinal, vagus is spinal and motor, eye movement is motor
• central sulcus


  10

  
• tectum


  9

  
• Five structures/systems of the forebrain

  1. Cerebral cortex

  2. Thalamus

  3. Hypothalamus

  4. Limbic System

  5. Basal Ganglia
• cerebellum

  8

  
• Central Nervous System


  brain, brain stem and spinal cord
• pons

  7

  
• Peripheral Nervous System

  somatic branch: sensory/motor spinal nerves in the body

  autonomic branch: sympathetic division and parasympathetic
• medulla


  6

  
• Brain's 4 Protections

  The skull, meninges, blood supply, cerebrospinal fluid
• tegmentum

  5

  
• Meninges


  function: physical protection

  three layers & space: dura mater, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia mater

  meningitis
• pituitary gland

  4

  
• Blood Supply


  protects brain from toxins, cerebral arteries, bbb protects the brain. disorder: strokes
• Hypothalamus


  3

  
• Cerebrospinal Fluid


  type of fluid contained to ventricular system

  function: protection, holding head up

  production, flow, reabsorption

  disorder: lumbar puncture, hydrocephalus
• thalamus

  2