the real big one!!!! (im lazy af)

Cards (136)

  • binary fission?
    • mitosis for prokaryotic cells
    • dna replicates > sticks to cell membrane
    • cell elongates > invagination > cross wall
    • 2 daughter cells
    • no centrioles, linear chromosomes, nucleus
  • apoptosis?

    programmed cell death
    • replacing old damaged cells (cancerous)
    • removing cells for development (frogs)
  • equilibrium?
    • state of chemical reaction where forward and reverse reaction occur at same rate
    • no visible change
    • closed system
    • constant concentration
  • codon?

    three adjacent bases in mRNA
    amino acid code
    can be signal for start/stop
  • meiosis?
    1. pro I: dna condense, homologous pairs > crossing over, no membrane, centrioles at poles
    2. meta I: pairs in centre, spindles to centromeres
    3. ana I: chromosomes pulled, constriction
    4. telo I: membrane reforms > cytokinesis
    5. pro II: homologous chromatids separate, no membrane
    6. meta II: chromatids at centre, spindles
    7. ana II: repeat
    8. telo II: repeat
  • TSAR DADDY NICHOLAS II?
    • easily influenced, autocratic rule
    • suspicious of change > no change to repressive policies
    • "what is going to happen to (...) all of Russia? (...) I know nothing of the business of ruling?"
  • genetic diversity?
    • crossing over: proximity of homologous chromosomes > genetic info swap
    • random assortment: random alignment of homologous pairs
  • histone proteins?

    proteins that DNA wraps around to be stored in nucleus
    > nucleosomes
    8 histone core
  • le chatelier's principle?

    if a system @ equilibrium is changed > system adjusts for new position of equilibrium
    • conc: increase > increase in consumption
    • pressure: increase > increase in products with less particles
  • non-dysfunction & aneuploidy?

    process of failing to separate chromosomes > abnormal number of chromosomes
    • aneuploidy: presence of abnormal number of chromosomes
    • monosomy: loss
    • trisomy: gain
  • TRANScription?
    1. RNA polymerase binds to promoter, helicase unwinds DNA
    2. polymerase moves 3' > 5' to synthesise RNA in 5' > 3'
    3. polyermase at stop sequence, polyermase and RNA detach
    4. removal of introns, exons join
    5. RNA leaves nucleus
  • pyrimidines?

    one nitrogen ring
    cytosine & thymine
  • purines?

    two nitrogen rings
    guanine & adenine
  • DNA REPLICATION?
    1. helicase unwinds and breaks H bonds
    2. primase synthesises primers (points for polymerase)
    3. leading strand: continuous addition of nucleotide in 5' > 3'
    4. lagging: okazaki fragments (because the strand is 3' > 5')
    4. ligase joins fragments with phosphodiester bonds
  • promoter?

    particular nucleotide sequence at gene sequence start
  • coding/template strand?

    coding: strand that is being transcribed
    template: strand that has shit put on it
  • equilibrium constant (Kc)?

    how much product formed at equilibrium at specific temp
    • K < 1 : more reactants
    • K = 1 : equal products, reactants
    • K > 1 : more products
  • mitosis?

    1. DNA replication
    2. DNA condenses, no nuclear membrane, centrioles at poles
    3. centromeres & spindles
    4. chromosomes to poles
    5. reformed nuclear membrane, uncondensed chromosome
    6. division into two
  • russia's population in an oddly specific time frame?

    1815: 40 mill > 1914: 160 mill
  • ribosomes?

    made by nucleolus
    rough endoplasmic reticulum
    2 subunits (60s/40s) + middle groove for mRNA
  • tRNA?

    made in nucleus > cytoplasm
    anticodon: complimentary to mRNA codons
    3 unpaired bases where specific amino acid being read joins to
  • TRANSLATION?

    1. mRNA attaches to ribosome, tRNA brings complimentary amino acids to ribosome > attaches to start codon
    2. second tRNA w/ complimentary anticodon attaches to mRNA codon > growing chain joined by peptide bonds
    3. stop codon > polypeptide released from ribosome > mods
  • protein synthesis in prokaryotes?

    transcription/translation simultaneous in cytoplasm
  • PLASMIDS?

    closed circular molecules of double helix dna
    inheritable genes
    independent duplication
    antibiotic resistance
  • mutation?

    change to nucleotide sequence
    caused by unrepaired damage to DNA/RNA
  • causes of mutations?
    radiation, chemicals
    error during replication (insertion/deletion)
  • effects of mutation
    cancer
    evolution
    immune system development
  • effect of mutated gamete
    inheritable
    occurs in every cell
    could result in new useful alleles
  • single nucleotide polymorphism
    one nucleotide changed (one amino acid affected)
  • point mutations?
    genome when base pair changed
    silent: no effect
    missense: amino acid sub
    nonsense: stop codon sub
    frameshift: shift in reading strand
  • chromosome mutations
    deletion: no segment
    duplication: repeat segment
    inversion: reverse segment
    translocation: move segment from one to other non-homologous
  • monoploidy
    one functioning set of chromosomes (one gene per trait)
    male bees
  • gene expression?
    process of gene used in synthesis of functional product
  • parthenogenesis?
    asexual reproduction from unfertilised egg
  • why parthenogenesis occurs?
    environmental: temp change, time, food availabilities
    scarcity of male
    rapid reproduction
  • developmental pathway of protein?
    1. primary: sequence of amino acid
    2. secondary: h bonding of backbone > folding in repeated pattern
    3. tertiary: 3D folding pattern due to side-chain interaction
    4. quaternary: protein with 1+ amino acid chain
  • epigenetics?

    study of changes in gene expression (not from DNA changes)
    genetic mods from environment, lifestyle, development > inheritable
  • DNA METHYLATION?
    cellular process which stops gene expression > no protein attachment to gene > no transcription
  • what smoking does to a mfer?
    increases DNA methylation/damage > tumour development
    DNA methyltransferase 3B increases methylation of tumour suppresor genes
  • interphase of cell cycle?

    G0: apoptosis, differentiation, senescence
    G1: increases size, organelles replicates, protein organelle synths
    S: DNA synthesis, replication
    G2: second growth, proteins (which condenses chromo) synth