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fission
?
mitosis for
prokaryotic cells
dna
replicates
> sticks to
cell membrane
cell
elongates
>
invagination
> cross
wall
2 daughter cells
no
centrioles
,
linear
chromosomes,
nucleus
apoptosis
?
programmed cell death
replacing
old
damaged cells
(
cancerous
)
removing cells
for
development
(
frogs
)
equilibrium
?
state of
chemical reaction
where
forward
and
reverse
reaction occur at
same rate
no
visible
change
closed system
constant
concentration
codon
?
three adjacent
bases in
mRNA
amino acid
code
can be signal for
start
/
stop
meiosis
?
pro
I: dna
condense
,
homologous pairs
>
crossing over
,
no membrane
,
centrioles
at poles
meta I:
pairs
in centre,
spindles
to
centromeres
ana I:
chromosomes
pulled,
constriction
telo I:
membrane reforms
>
cytokinesis
pro II:
homologous chromatids separate
, no
membrane
meta II:
chromatids
at
centre
, spindles
ana II: repeat
telo II: repeat
TSAR DADDY NICHOLAS II?
easily
influenced
,
autocratic
rule
suspicious
of
change
>
no
change to
repressive policies
"
what
is
going
to
happen
to (...) all of
Russia
? (...) I know
nothing
of the
business
of
ruling
?"
genetic
diversity
?
crossing
over
: proximity of
homologous chromosomes
>
genetic
info
swap
random assortment
: random
alignment
of
homologous pairs
histone
proteins?
proteins
that
DNA wraps
around to be
stored
in
nucleus
>
nucleosomes
8 histone core
le chatelier's principle
?
if a system @
equilibrium
is
changed
> system
adjusts
for new
position
of
equilibrium
conc
:
increase
>
increase
in
consumption
pressure
:
increase
> increase in
products
with
less particles
non-dysfunction
&
aneuploidy
?
process of
failing
to
separate chromosomes
>
abnormal
number of
chromosomes
aneuploidy:
presence
of
abnormal number
of chromosomes
monosomy
:
loss
trisomy
:
gain
TRANScription?
RNA polymerase
binds to
promoter
,
helicase
unwinds
DNA
polymerase
moves
3'
>
5'
to
synthesise
RNA in
5'
>
3'
polyermase at
stop sequence
,
polyermase
and
RNA detach
removal
of
introns
,
exons
join
RNA
leaves nucleus
pyrimidines
?
one nitrogen ring
cytosine
&
thymine
purines
?
two nitrogen
rings
guanine
&
adenine
DNA REPLICATION?
helicase
unwinds and breaks
H bonds
primase
synthesises
primers
(points for
polymerase
)
leading strand:
continuous addition
of
nucleotide
in
5'
>
3'
lagging
:
okazaki fragments
(because the strand is 3' > 5')
4.
ligase
joins fragments with
phosphodiester bonds
promoter
?
particular nucleotide sequence
at
gene sequence start
coding
/
template
strand?
coding
: strand that is being
transcribed
template
: strand that has
shit
put on it
equilibrium
constant
(Kc)?
how much
product
formed at
equilibrium
at
specific temp
K < 1 :
more reactants
K = 1 :
equal products
,
reactants
K > 1 :
more products
mitosis
?
DNA replication
DNA
condenses
, no
nuclear membrane
,
centrioles
at
poles
centromeres
&
spindles
chromosomes
to
poles
reformed nuclear membrane
,
uncondensed chromosome
division
into
two
russia's
population in an
oddly
specific time frame?
1815
:
40 mill
>
1914
:
160 mill
ribosomes
?
made by
nucleolus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
2
subunits (
60s
/
40s
) +
middle groove
for
mRNA
tRNA
?
made in
nucleus
>
cytoplasm
anticodon
:
complimentary
to
mRNA codons
3
unpaired bases
where specific
amino acid
being read
joins
to
TRANSLATION
?
mRNA
attaches to
ribosome
,
tRNA
brings
complimentary amino acids
to
ribosome
> attaches to
start codon
second
tRNA w/
complimentary
anticodon
attaches to
mRNA codon
> growing
chain
joined by
peptide bonds
stop codon
>
polypeptide
released from
ribosome
>
mods
protein synthesis
in
prokaryotes
?
transcription
/
translation simultaneous
in
cytoplasm
PLASMIDS
?
closed
circular
molecules of
double helix dna
inheritable
genes
independent
duplication
antibiotic
resistance
mutation
?
change to
nucleotide sequence
caused by
unrepaired damage
to
DNA
/
RNA
causes of mutations?
radiation
,
chemicals
error
during
replication
(
insertion
/
deletion
)
effects of mutation
cancer
evolution
immune system development
effect of mutated gamete
inheritable
occurs in every
cell
could result in
new useful alleles
single
nucleotide
polymorphism
one nucleotide changed
(
one amino acid affected
)
point
mutations?
genome when
base
pair
changed
silent
: no effect
missense
:
amino
acid
sub
nonsense
:
stop
codon
sub
frameshift
: shift in reading strand
chromosome mutations
deletion
:
no segment
duplication
:
repeat segment
inversion
:
reverse segment
translocation
:
move segment from one to other non-homologous
monoploidy
one functioning set of chromosomes
(
one gene per trait
)
male bees
gene expression?
process
of
gene
used in
synthesis
of
functional product
parthenogenesis?
asexual reproduction
from
unfertilised egg
why parthenogenesis occurs?
environmental
: temp change, time, food availabilities
scarcity
of male
rapid reproduction
developmental pathway of protein?
primary:
sequence
of
amino acid
secondary:
h bonding
of
backbone
>
folding
in
repeated pattern
tertiary:
3D folding pattern
due to
side-chain interaction
quaternary:
protein
with
1+ amino acid chain
epigenetics
?
study of
changes
in
gene expression
(not from
DNA
changes)
genetic
mods from
environment
,
lifestyle
,
development
>
inheritable
DNA METHYLATION?
cellular
process which stops
gene expression
> no
protein attachment
to
gene
> no
transcription
what smoking does to a mfer?
increases DNA methylation
/
damage
>
tumour development
DNA methyltransferase
3B increases
methylation
of
tumour suppresor genes
interphase
of cell cycle?
G0
:
apoptosis
,
differentiation
,
senescence
G1
:
increases size
,
organelles replicates
,
protein organelle synths
S
:
DNA synthesis
,
replication
G2
: second
growth
,
proteins
(which
condenses
chromo)
synth
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