GE-RPH

• History is derived from the the Greek word Historia which means learning by inquiry
• Aristotle a Greek philosopher looked upon history as the systematic accounting of a set of natural phenomena that is taking into consideration the chronological arrangement of the account
• Knowledge is derived through conducting a process of scientific investigation of past events
• World history is referred usually for accounts of phenomena especially human affairs in chronological order
• Theories constructed by historians in investigating history or the types of history

  1. Factual History
  2. Speculative History
• Factual history presents readers the plain and basic information. Answers the question what, when , where, who.
• Speculative history goes beyond facts because it is concerned about why and how
• History deals with the study of past events
• Historians are individuals who write about history
• Historiography is the practice of historical writing.
• Historiography is the traditional method in doing historical research that focus on gathering documents from different libraries and archives to form a pool of evidence needed in making a descriptive or analytical narrative
• The Modern Historical Writing:

  1. Examination of documents
  2. use of research methods from related areas of study such as archeology and geography.
• The incompleteness of records has limited man's knowledge of history
• THE LIMITATION OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE:

  1. History-as-actuality
  2. History-as-record
• History-as-actuality can be known to a historian only through the surviving records.
• History-as-record, surviving records, is only a tiny part the whole phenomenon.
• Archaeological and anthropological discoveries are only small parts discovered from the total past.
• Historians study the records or evidences that survived the time. They tell history from what they understood as a credible part of the record.
• study of history is a subjective process as documents and relics are scattered and do not together comprise the total object that the historian is studying
• Historical Method is the process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past.
• Historical Method and Historiography are simply called HISTORICAL METHOD
• Historical analysis is also an important element of historical method
• Historiography is the synthesis of the "particulars" derived. It is the imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by that process
• HISTORICAL DATA are sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past. These artifacts can either be relics or remains, or the testimonies of witnesses to the past
• Historical Sources are those materials from which the historians construct meaning.
• Historical interpretation is thus the result of such construction of meaning
• The historical source provides evidence about the existence of an event; and a historical interpretation is an argument about the event.
• artifacts can be found where relic of human happenings can be found
• Relics, Artifacts and Remains offer researchers a clue about the past.
• Testimonies of witnesses all these describe an event, such as the record of a property exchange, speeches,and commentaries
• Categories of Written Sources:

  1. Narratives or literatures
  2. Diplomatic Sources
  3. Social Documents
• Narratives or literatures mare chronicles or tracts presented in narrative for written to impart a message whose motives for their composition vary widely
• Scientific tract is typically composed in contemporaries or succeedinggenerations
• Newspaper article might be instead to shape opinion
• personal narrative such as a diary or memoir might be composed in order to persuade readers of the justice of the author's actions
• novel or film might be made to entertain, to deliver a moral teaching, or to further a religious cause
• biography might be written in praise of the subject's worth and achievements (a panegyric, a public speech or published text in praise of someone or something or hagiography, the writing of the lives of saints).
• A narrative source is therefore broader than what is usually considered Fiction (Howell & Prevenier, 2001).
• Diplomatic Sources is a document/record of an existing legal situation or create a new one, and it is these kinds of sources that professional historians once treated as the purest, the "best" source
• the charter, which is a legal instrument.