unit 1.3

• Solid-solid mixture separation methods:

  Magnetic attraction

  Sieving

  Using suitable solvents

  Sublimation
• Solid-liquid mixture separation methods

  Filtration

  Evaporation to dryness

  Crystallisation

  Simple distillation
• Liquid-liquid mixture separation methods:

  Separating funnel

  Chromatography

  Fractional distillation
• A magnet can be used to separate magnetic solids from non-magnetic solids
• Magnetic attraction can be used to remove iron filings from sand or sulfur powder
• A sieve can be used to separate solids with different particle sizes
• When a mixture consists of bigger and smaller particles, they can be sieved with a suitable pore size
• Separation method shown: Sieving

  
• Sepsration method shown: Sublimation

  
• A separation method where a suitable solvent can be used to separate solid-solid mixtures in which only one of the solids is soluble in the solvent is called Using suitable solvent
• Liquids that dissolve solids are called solvents
• Solids that were being dissolved are called solutes
• The ability for a solute to dissolve in a solvent is also known as solubility
• Solids can be separated based on their different solubility in solvents
• Sublimation can be used to separate a substance that changes from the solid to gaseous state directly
• Examples of substances that undergo sublimation include iodine, naphthalene, and dry ice
• Sublimation can be used to separate a mixture of solids where one sublimes on heating while the others are stable at the same temperature
• Filtration can be used to separate insoluble solids from liquids
• Separation method: filtration

  
• Separation method: separation funnel

  
• Separation method: crystallisation

  
• Separation method: evaporation to dryness

  
• Separation method: filtration

  
• Separation method: paper chromatography, chromatograms

  
• Separation method: simple distillation

  
• Evaporation to dryness is used to separate a dissolved solid from its solvent by heating the mixture until all the solvent has vaporised
• Substance with a lower boiling point will evaporate first, leaving the other substance behind
• Crystallisation is used to obtain a pure solid from its saturated solution
• A saturated solution is one in which no more of the solute can be dissolved
• Crystallisation is the gentler version of evaporation
• Crystallisation is used when a solute decomposes or breaks down into simpler substances when heated
• Evaporation to dryness vaporises all the solvent, while crystallisation removes just enough solvent to obtain a saturated solution
• Crystallisation is used when the solute decomposes or breaks down into simpler substances when heated
• Miscible liquids are those which form a uniform (homogeneous) solution when mixed together
• Heterogenous mixture contains immiscible liquids where 2 liquids cannot mix
• Separation method: Fractional distillation

  
• Simple distillation is used to separate a pure solvent (liquid) from a solution
• Simple distillation relies on solid and liquid components in a mixture having different boiling points
• Unlike evaporation, distillation allowed the liquid that is vaporized is collected by condensation so both the solute and solvent can be obtained
• A separation funnel is used to separate immiscible liquids