DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

• The word "disaster" originated from the French word, 'desastre', a combination of two words, 'des' meaning bad and 'astre' meaning star. Thus, disasters signify bad star or evil star.
• Disasters occur when a hazard is exposed to a vulnerable community.
• Disaster is a dangerous situation or threat from natural or man-made events that disrupt the functions of individuals in a community. This could mean death, damage to resources, and loss of property.
• MAN-MADE HAZARDS •Man-made hazards are caused by human activities and occur near human settlements. Pollution, industrial, and transport accidents, conflicts (war and terrorism), and technological structures are some examples of man-made hazards.
• HAZARD - A potential source of harm
• •Mitigation refers to the act of preventing or minimizing the effects of a disaster by introducing precautionary measures before it strikes community. a
• Preparedness - Preparing people and communities to respond effectively to disasters.
• Vulnerability is often caused by limited resources, illnesses within the population, and disabilities within a community
• Disaster risk is defined as "the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences.
• Resilience The ability of a community to withstand, accommodate, and recover from a disaster
• • Exposure -any element (people, property, or system) that is present in a hazard and is prone to potential loss.
• •Hazard -any phenomenon that can potentially cause damage to life, property, or environment.
• risk assessment- is made to estimate the potential economic, infrastructure, and social impacts.
• FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DEGREE OF DISASTER RISK: Physical Psychological Socio-cultural Economic Biological
• Physical- This includes the concrete objects in a community that can help or harm an individual during a disaster.

  Examples:

  
  

  •Signages

  
  

  Sturdiness of infrastructure
• Psychological- It includes the mental state of an individual, like the ability of an individual to respond to a disaster and fear.
• Socio-cultural- This includes traditions, religion, and social statuses in society. Examples: ⚫community folklore

  ⚫bayanihan system
• Economic- This includes resources in the community and the income source of individuals such as farming and employment.
• Biological- This includes the flora and fauna in the environment, their health, and its diseases.
• FACTORS WHICH UNDERLIE DISASTERS: Climate Change Environmental Degradation Globalized Economic Development Poverty and Inequality Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development
• DISASTER RISK REDUCTION- Aims to decrease the risk level in communities through implementing policies and actions to control possible risks
• POPULATION Increased population in evacuation centers is the most immediate effect during a disaster. Limited access to basic needs.Children and elderly become prone to diseases Schools that serve as evacuation sites.
• HEALTH One consequence of disaster is threat to the copulation's health. Stagnant water cause by severe flood Poor personal hygiene Lack of clean and available comfort room
• FOOD Food becomes limited after an occurrence of disaster. ►Sources of food are damaged after a disaster. Prices of food become higher
• PSYCHOLOGICAL The devastating impacts of disaster can be traumatic for any person who has experienced it.Deaths and catastrophe can be unforgettable to anyone, esp. children.Children could develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD
• FACTORS AFFECTING THE SEVERITY OF EFFECTS OF A DISASTERS:

  Severity of Exposure

  
  

  Age

  
  

  Human Resilience
• Severity of Exposure •A person exposed to a more severe disaster has higher risk for mental distress. •Psychological problems after disasters are usually triggered by exposure to the death of an immediate family member.
• Age •Research shows that individuals from 40-60 years old are more prone to disaster distress than children. Adults have more pressures that adds up to their emotional distress after a disaster the higher stress of parents is related to their children's slow recover
• Human Resilience Humans are naturally resilient. There are several factors that increase the resilience of an individual: ➤ Social support Coping confidence
• PREDICTION it is a statement of probability of hazards to occur based on a number of evidences or observations. These observations can come from precursor events or unusual physical changes
• WARNING It is a signal that tells of a high probability of occurrence of a hazard. When a warning is issued, the community should be alert on the dangers of the potential event and proper measures should be made
• Climate and Weather- Related Hazards Areas with low elevation is more prone to impacts of typhoons and floods. Areas with poor drainage systems, located near bodies of water can be prone to floods as well. Steep landforms with poor vegetation are prone to Landslides during typhoons
• Geophysical Related Hazards Earthquakes are more prominent in areas near fault lines. We can recall the tectonic plates in the earth's crust and identify which are the fault lines, Areas that are deep- focused, are prone to earthquakes because of its treach and nearby active faults
• Man-made Hazards

  Fire hazards can be caused by faulty electrical wiring, children playing with matches, candles left unattended, burning garbage, leaking LPG tanks, and using firewood in cooking. War is considered the worst man-made disaster. In the Philippines, the war in Marawi last May of 2017 caused a huge disaster not only to the city's Infrastructure into the lives of the people live
• Risk Map • According to ChildFund International, 8 out of 10 world cities most at risk to disaster is found in the Philippines. Natural disasters have affected over 4.4 billion people claiming the loss of 1.3 million people and US$ 2 trillion since 1994 (United Nations, 2014).
• FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DEGREE OF DISASTER RISK:

  Biological Economic socio-cultural Psychological
• Physical and Environment Aspects Disaster causes drastic changes in the structure of the environment. ●Roads will break and crack. ●Erosion of the soil that removes the arable layer of it. ●Soil cracking in farms as well because of the absence of water moisture.
• Socio-economic Aspect Impacts of disaster in the socio- economic aspect include the state of the social well-being and the financial resources of the community. The Philippines are more vulnerable to socio-economic impacts One reason is that developing countries are more prone to disaster impact because of its high vulnerability and low resistance.
• ~Biological Aspect~ In terms of biological diversity, animals, and plants that live in a community where disaster strikes can drastically decrease in number. This would result to imbalance in the ecosystem and potentially limited access to food resources, agriculture, and livestock.
• Psychological Aspect A natural or man-made disaster is a traumatic event that can cause stress, depression, and anxiety. People with underlying mental illnesses is considered a vulnerable group.