Grade 12 Biochemistry

• What are the six functional groups?


  Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl and phosphate
• Structural formula for hydroxyl?


  -OH
• The structural formula of Carbonyl?


  C=O
• The structural formula for carboxyl?

  
• The structural formula for amino acids is?

  
• The structural formula of sulfhydryl is?

  -S-H
• The structural formula for phosphate is?

  
• Definition of anabolic?

  Smaller molecules combine to form larger ones
• Definition of catabolic?


  Larger molecules break apart to form smaller ones
• The chemical reaction between an acid and a base produces water and salt (acids are things that produce H+ ions and bases produce OH- ions) ?

  Neutralization
• What type of reaction is baking soda and vinegar combined to make carbon dioxide, water, and salt?

  Neutralization
• Definintion: chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons from one substance to another?

  Redox ( LEO the lion say GER)
• WHat type of reaction is combustion: the carbon gains electrons to become oxidized. Cellular respiration is an example of this?


  Redox
• Glucose molecules join together to make starch. What type of reaction is this?

  Condensation
• Definition: A covalent bond is formed between 2 molecules and water is produced?

  Condensation
• Definition: Water is used to cleave (cut) a larger molecule into smaller molecules.

  Hydrolysis
• The body uses glycogen by breaking it down into individual glucose molecules.

  Hydrolysis
• What are macromolecules composed of?

  Often composed of many polymers
• What are polymers?

  Polymers is a long chain-like molecule composed on repeating units of smaller molecules (monomers)
• whar are macromolecules?

  larger molecules with complex structure made of little pieces called subunits
• Subunit of carbs?


  simple sugars (glucose)
• subunit of lipids?

  fatty acids and glycerol
• subunits for protein?

  amino acids
• Subunits for Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)?

  Nucleotides
• Functions of carbs?

  • Used by organisms as a source of energy
  • Used as building materials
  • Cell surface markers for cell to cell identification and communication cell-to-cell
• Carbs can be classified into how many groups and what are they?

  • Monosaccharide
  • Disaccharide
  • Polysaccaride
• What are carbohydrates?

  Contain catbon, hydrogen, oxygen (ration 1:2:1)
• Are monosaccharides polar or non-polar?

  Polar because of high proportions of hydroxyl/carbonyl groups sp easily dissolve in water
• Why are structural isomers different?

  Difference in shape leads to different physical and chemical properties - treated differently in the body
• What type of bonds are in carbs?


  Glycosdic linkage
• Examples of disaccharides?

  Lactose, maltose, sucrose
• Function of starch?

  main storage molecules in plants
• Starch is soluble or not in H2O?

  Insoluble
• What is glycogen?

  Energy storage molecule in animals
• Glycogen function?

  used to store excess glucose
• Where are small amounts of glycogen stored in the body and are used for energy during bouts of physical exercise?

  Liver and muscle
• What is cellulose primary found in?

  They are primary structural polysaccharide in plants
• What is cellulose a component of?

  Cell walls
• What type of orientation/glycosidic linkage is found in cellulose?

  Beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage
• What type of orientation/glycosidic linkage is found in starch/glycogen?

  Alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkage