funda

• INFECTION

  • is the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are notusually found
• DISEASE

  • a detectable alteration in normal tissue function
• VIRULENCE

  • their ability to produce disease
• VIRULENCE

  • their ability to produce disease
• COMMUNICABLEDISEASE

  • if the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact or as an airborne infection
• PATHOGEN

  • a microorganism that causes disease
• OPPORTUNISTICPATHOGEN

  • causes organisms that can become pathogenic following a perturbation to their host (e.g., disease, wound, medication, prior infection, immunodeficiency, and ageing).
• WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION(WHO)

  • is the major regulatory agency at theinternational level
• ASEPSIS

  • is the FREEDOM from disease-causing microorganisms
• ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE

  • is used to decrease the possibility of transferring microorganisms fromone place to another
• MEDICAL ASEPSIS

  • includes all practices intended to confine a specificmicroorganism to a specific area, limiting thenumber, growth, and transmission ofmicroorganisms
• SURGICAL ASEPSIS

  • or STERILE TECHNIQUE, refers to thosepractices that keep an area or object free of allmicroorganisms.
• SEPSIS

  • is the condition in which acute organ dysfunction occurs secondary to infection
  • is the body's extreme response to an infection
  • is a life-threatening medical emergency
  • happens when an infection you already have triggers a chain reaction throughout yourbody
• LOCAL INFECTION

  limited to a specificpart of the bodywhere themicroorganismsremain
• SYSTEMIC INFECTION

  if themicroorganismsspread and damagedifferent parts of thebody
• ACUTE INFECTION

  infections thatgenerally appearsuddenly or last ashort time
• CHRONIC INFECTION

  may occur slowly ,over a very longperiod, and maylast months oryears
• NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

  • are classified as infections that originate in the hospital
  • can either develop during a client’s stay in a facility or manifest after discharge
  • nosocomial microorganisms may also be acquired by personnel working in the hospital and can cause them illness
• ETIOLOGIC AGENT

  • the microorganism that is capable of producingan infection
  • The microbe’s ability to produce an infectiondepends on the number of microorganisms,virulence, potency, and the susceptibility of thehost.
• RESERVOIR

  • the source of microorganisms
  • Common sources:

  > humans - most common source

  > client’s own microorganisms

  > plants

  > animals

  > medical equipment

  > general environmen
• Carrier - is a human or animalreservoir of a specificinfectious agent that usuallydoes not manifest any clinicalsigns of disease
• PORTAL OF EXIT

  • The area where the infection leavesthe reservoir
• MODE OF TRANSMISSION

  • after a microorganism leaves its reservoir or source, it requires ameans of transmission to reach another individual
• 1. DIRECT TRANSMISSION

  • immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from individual to individual through touching,biting, kissing, or sexual intercourse.
• 1. VEHICLE-BORNE TRANSMISSION

  A vehicle is any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport an introduce an infectious agent into the susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry.
• VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION

  A vector is an animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means oftransporting the infectious agent.

  Transmission may occur by injecting salivary fluid during biting or by depositing feces or othermaterials on the skin through the bite wound or traumatized skin area.
• AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION

  > this may involve droplets or dust

  > the material is transmitted by air currents to a suitable portal ofentry, usually the respiratory tract, of another individual
• • Portals of entry:

  > break in the skin

  > medical interventions such as tubes, catheters, and surgical wounds

  • Often, microorganisms enter the body of the hostby the same route they used to leave the source.
• • susceptible host -is an individual who is at risk for infection
• • COMPROMISED HOST - someone at increasedrisk; an individual who for one or more reasonsis more likely than others to acquire an infection
  • young age
  • old age
  • receiving immune suppression treatments forcancer, for chronic illness, who just receivedtransplant
• NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES

  • protect the individual against allmicroorganisms, regardless of priorexposure.
• SPECIFIC (immune) DEFENSES

  • directed against identifiablebacteria, viruses, fungi and otherinfectious agents.
• • Rubor (Redness) - secondary tovasodilatation and increased blood flow to theinjured area
• • Calor (Heat) - more blood flowing to theinjured area; localised increase in temperature
• • Edema / Tumor (Swelling) - results fromincreased vessel permeability, allowing fluid lossinto the interstitial space; WBC leaks into theinterstitial space
• • Dolor (Pain) - caused by pressure orstimulation of the local nerve endings, frommechanical and chemical mediators
• Loss of Function - fluid pouring into areas such as joints impairs function
• Autoclaving

  • the method of choice for sterilization in most hospitals
  • using pressurized steam to heat the material to be sterilized
  • is a very effective method that kills all microbes, spores andviruses
• Sterilization - the process of killing all the living microorganismsincluding spores, viruses and fungi
• Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

  • “Lady with the Lamp”
  • develop the Nightingale Training School forNurses which opened in 1860
  • referred to as the first nurse researcher
  • Nursing for her is “an act of utilizing theenvironment of the patient to assist him in hisrecovery”