Cosmetics

• Cosmetic products are used to clean, perfume or change the appearance of the body
• Cosmetics have been used for over 7,000 years
• Earliest record of cosmetics use is from ancient Egypt
• Egyptian women used kohl from North Africa for eyeliners and eyeshadow
• In ancient Rome, some used lead-based formulas to whiten their face
• In Asia, women and men in China used cosmetics, particularly pigments, to stain their fingernails to indicate social classes
• Today, almost every man and woman use at least one cosmetics product in their everyday lives
• Cosmetics are health and beauty products used for caring for the face and body or changing a person's appearance
• Defined by the FDA as items with mild action on the human body for cleaning, beautifying, adding attractiveness, altering appearance, or promoting skin or hair health
• Cosmetics are made from a mixture of chemical compounds, either natural or synthetically created
• Designed for skin care to cleanse, exfoliate, protect, and replenish the skin
• Used for personal care to enhance natural features and change the appearance of the face entirely
• Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to the body
• Cosmetics have a history spanning at least 7,000 years and are present in almost every society on earth
• Cosmetics body art is argued to have been the earliest form of a ritual in human culture, evidenced by the use of red mineral pigment (red ochre) and crayons associated with the emergence of Homo Sapiens in Africa
• In ancient Rome, although much literature suggests that cosmetics were frowned upon, some women invented makeup including lead-based formulas to whiten the skin, and kohl was used to line the eyes
• Romans described the use of castor oil as a protective balm and skin creams made of beeswax, olive oil, and rosewater
• Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, with Jezebel painting her eyelids around 840 BC and the book of Esther describing various beauty treatments
• In the early 1900s, makeup was not popular and mostly associated with prostitutes, cabarets, and black and white screen actresses
• In 1915, makeup became fashionable in the US and Europe influenced by ballet and theatre stars like Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt
• The film industry in Hollywood had a significant impact on cosmetics, with Helen Rubinstein creating mascara for actress Theda Bara and the introduction of colored makeup in Paris
• The Flapper style in the 1920s influenced cosmetics with dark eyes, red lipstick, red nail polish, and suntans becoming popular
• Eugene Schueller, founder of L'Oreal, invented modern synthetic hair dye and sunscreen
• In the 20th century, cosmetic surgery was mainly used to reduce signs of aging, with men participating only if disfigured by war
• In the 1980s, the American Society of Anesthetic Plastic Surgery reported over two million Americans undergoing cosmetic procedures, with liposuction being the most popular
• Breast augmentations, eye surgeries, face-lifts, and chemical peels also ranked among popular cosmetic procedures
• Cosmetics can be classified according to:

  • Physical form
  • Body parts where it is applied
• Classification of cosmetics depending upon the physical form:

  • Emulsion: cold cream, vanishing cream
  • Powder: face powder, talcum powder, tooth powder
  • Oil: hair oils
  • Jellies: hair jelly
  • Paste: toothpaste, deodorant paste
  • Soap: shampoo, shaving soap
  • Solution: after-shave solution
  • Aerosol: after-shave spray
• Beauty products and decorative makeup goods are available in forms such as:

  • Solutions
  • Lotions
  • Suspensions
  • Ointments or pastes
  • Creams or emulsions
  • Gels
  • Sticks
  • Powders
  • Tablets
  • Aerosols
• Solutions:

  • Base of majority of cosmetics
  • Made of soluble ingredients mixed in a dilutant, usually water
• Lotions:

  • Lighter texture than cream
  • No acne breakouts or pore blockage
  • Suitable for oily skin
  • Preferred in cosmetics and medical fields
• Suspensions:

  • Incompatible elements mixed
  • Examples include scrubs with insoluble particles
  • Used in beauty products with active ingredients
• Ointments or pastes:

  • Popular for hair styling and medical care
  • Thick and sticky texture
  • Effective for holding soft styles or taming stubborn locks
• Creams or emulsions:

  • Most popular beauty care products
  • Consist of oil, water, and emulsifier phases
  • Used for moisturizers, sunscreens, makeup foundations
• Gels:

  • Based on water and gelling agents
  • Stay until force is applied
  • Popular for hair styling and toothpaste
• Sticks:

  • Used for products not touched by hands, like lipstick
  • Include solid deodorants, eye pencils, concealers
• Powders:

  • Common makeup materials for colors or hygroscopic layers
  • Include facial powders, bronzers, highlighters, and hygienic powders
• Tablets:

  • Pressed powders mixed with other ingredients
  • Include compact facial powders, blushes, eyeshadows
• Aerosols:

  • Liquid agents in cans under pressure
  • Include deodorants and medical means
  • Usage and production reduced due to ozone layer damage
• Skin Cosmetics:

  • Skin care products are used to improve the appearance & health of skin, formulated for different types of skin and associated characteristics
  • Designed to solve problems from dry skin and counteract the effects of ageing, fine lines, and wrinkles