SPANISH

• Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese, promised Spain to reach the Mollucas, which were on Spain's side of the demarcation line
• Magellan first landed in Homonhon island on Samar on March 16/17, 1521
• First mass and blood compact took place in Limasawa Island on March 31
• Magellan baptized Rajah Humabon and his wife in Cebu, naming them Carlos and Juana
• Pigafetta documented the Magellan expedition
• First name given by Magellan to the Philippines was Archipelago of St. Lazarus
• Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan on April 27
• Villalobos Expedition occurred around the time of the Treaty of Zaragoza
• Legazpi Expedition with Andres de Urdaneta was successful, landing in February 1565
• Legazpi made several blood compacts with the leaders he met in the islands he traveled to
• First settlement was in Cebu, named San Miguel, with Fort San Pedro
• Second settlement was in Panay due to problems in Cebu and harassment from the Portuguese
• Legazpi's grandson, Juan de Salcedo, wrote to him about the Muslim Kingdom of Manila under Rajah Sulayman
• Salcedo and Martin de Goiti led an expedition to Manila, defeating the Filipinos/Sulayman
• Legazpi was the first Captain General or Governor-General of the Philippines and established a new government
• Government structure included the Council of the Indies, Governor-General with executive, legislative, and judicial powers
• Church involvement included Father Domingo Salazar as the first bishop and the Inquisition to catch those against Christianity
• Other aspects included Residencia for public investigation, Visita for private investigation, and the establishment of Plazas for administration
• Economic changes included Encomienda system, forced labor (polo y servicios), tribute, and Galleon Trade between Manila and Mexico
• Early resistance movements such as the Tondo Conspiracy, Palaris Revolts, and Basi Revolt
• Governor-General Narciso Claveria issued a decree in 1849 allowing Filipinos to change their names
• Classes in society included Spanish Mestizo, Mestiza de Sangley, Indios, and Illustrados
• Secularization of parishes was led by Father Pedro Pablo Pelaez and other priests of mixed heritage
• Cavite Mutiny in January 1872 led to the execution of Gomburza and sparked significant Filipino identity
• Propaganda Movement in 1882 aimed for assimilation and representation in the Spanish Cortes
• Important reformists were Graciano Lopez Jaena, Jose Rizal, and Marcelo H. Del Pilar
• La Solidaridad was a newspaper where Rizal and Del Pilar were involved
• Jose Rizal wrote Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, aiming to educate the people
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar wrote in Filipino and became editor of La Solidaridad
• La Liga Filipina was established with various objectives including unity and reforms
• Exile to Dapitan in 1892 followed Rizal's capture and led to the failure of the revolution
• Andres Bonifacio realized the need for revolution after failed peaceful reforms and established the Katipunan in July 1892
• The Katipunan aimed for independence from Spain and had various civic, political, and moral objectives
• The Revolution of 1896 started with the discovery of the Katipunan and the Cry of Pugadlawin on August 23
• Blanco's Policy of Attraction aimed to prevent provinces from joining revolutions
• Execution of Rizal on December 30, 1896, led to the Tejeros Convention in March 1897
• Tejeros Convention led to the formation of two factions, Magdiwang and Magdalo, with Emilio Aguinaldo as President
• Naic Military Government was formed with Bonifacio as leader, but conflicts with Aguinaldo led to Bonifacio's execution
• Aguinaldo established a new republic in Biak na Bato and signed the Pact of Biak na Bato with Spain
• The truce under the Pact of Biak na Bato failed, leading to continued tensions and eventual revolution against Spain