EARTH SCIENCE

• Volcanism: All processes associated with discharge of magma, hot fluids, and gases
• Magma: Molten material beneath the crust
• Lava: Molten material on the surface of the crust
• Composition of magma: common elements present in magma are the same elements that are in the earth's crust: Oxygen, Silica, Aluminum, Iron, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Sodium
• Basaltic/Mafic : type of magma that has the least amount of viscous, explosive, gas, and silica content highest temperature
• Andesitic: in the middle of Basaltic and Rhyolitic
• Rhyolitic/Silicic/Felsic: type of magma that has the highest amount of viscous, explosive, gas, and silica content lowest temperature
• Pacific ring of fire: also called Circum Pacific Belt
• Faults: Large cracks that can move
• Components of rock: Biotite, Plagioclase, Potassium feldspar, Quartz, Hornblende
• Partially melted rock components: Molten rock, Potassium feldspar, Biotite, Hornblende
• Convergent Volcanism: A type of volcanism how volcanoes are formed collision of continental and Oceanic crust

  
• Divergent Volcanism: A type of volcanism when oceanic crust are separated and the crack is filled by magma

  
• Lahar: water and lava combination
• Fissure Volcano: Type of volcano the starting point of a volcano

  
• Shield Volcano: Wildest volcano type, it is slow hardening because it produces basaltic magma biggest type of volcano

  
• Dome Volcano: Same as shield but is placed in colder places has a dome shape
• Ash-Cinder Volcano: Made from ash and cinder makes pyroclastic material smallest volcano

  
• Caldera Volcano: Type of volcano made from existing volcanoes, commonly from composite volcanoes

  
• Composite Volcano: A type of volcano has silicic magma, most destructive due to build up and since it has pyroclastic material and has branch pipes

  
• Effusive: Quiet erruption, lava flow
• Explosive: more dangerous, more gases, pyroclastic flow
• Inner core: layer of the earth solid has the greatest pressure and temperature made up of iron and nickle

  Outer core: layer of the earth liquid same temperature as inner core but not the same pressure made up of iron and nickle
• Upper Mantle: layer of earth also known as asthenosphere made up of silica and iron is liquid pressure is not so high but has a higher temp than lower mantle

  Lower Mantle: layer of the earth solid has higher pressure than upper mantle but has a lower temperature compared to upper mantle
• Volcanism: All processes associated with discharge of magma, hot fluids, and gases
• Magma: Beneath the surface
• Lava: On the surface
• Igneous: crystalizing magma
• Anatomy of Volcano:

  Vent: inside of the volcano

  Crater: the sides of the hole of the volcano

  Conduit: carries magma from the magma chamber to the vent

  Magma Chamber: Where magma is stored before eruption
• Strombolian eruption: type of explosive eruption that has the smallest eruption
• Vulcanian Eruption: Type of explosive eruption that has medium eruption
• Plinian Eruption: Type of explosive eruption that has the biggest eruption
• Pelean Eruption: Type of explosive eruption that explodes to the side
• Hawaiian Eruption: Type of eruption thats effusive

  
• Icelandic Eruption: Type of eruption thats effusive

  
• Pahoehoe: Type of lava that is smooth and flows fast
• A'a: Type of lava that is rough dark and flows slower
• Convergent volcanism: Highest number of eruption but has low lava production

  Rift: Lowest number of eruption but has the most lava production

  Hotspot: Has average number of eruption and lava production
• Geothermal: Geo means "earth" Therme means "heat" It is heat stored deep within the earth that is from melted magma and the decay of radioactive substances
• Geothermal Power Plant: Where heat from within the earth changes into steam which makes stream turbines to turn and generate electricity