RC

• Spain has been in turmoil, especially when it was conquered by France
• Fernando VII restored the monarchy in 1814 and returned to absolutism
• When Fernando VII died, he passed his crown to his infant daughter Isabel under regency
• A civil war broke out when Don Carlos, the king's younger brother, claimed the throne
• In 1886, a revolution against Queen Isabella took place, and she was forced to abdicate
• Alfonso XII's reign was characterized by stability and reform
• In the Philippines during the 19th century, there were three institutions: Political, Economic, and Social institutions
• Adelantado Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was the first appointed governor of the Captaincy General of the Philippines
• The Governor-General functions included:

  • Chief executive head of the colony
  • Managing the internal affairs of the state
  • Executor of the laws of the land
  • Chief of Real Audiencia or the Spanish Supreme Court in the Philippines
  • Commanding officer of the armed forces, particularly the navy and army
• The Governor-General also had Ecclesiastical functions:

  • Settling Church matters due to the Union of Church and State
  • Holding the most powerful position in the land next to the King of Spain and the Ministry of the Indies
• Residencia officials scrutinized the performance of the outgoing Governor-General, and the incoming Governor-General would likely come from the residencia
• Visitadores checked the performance of the Governor-General, and they were temporary and different from the residencia
• In the local government of the Philippines, there were:

  • Provinces governed by an alcalde-mayor
  • Cities governed by a gobernadorcillo
  • Barangays led by a cabeza de barangay
• The Encomienda system was a leasehold system that became one of Spain's main economic programs in the Philippines
• The Bandala system allowed Spaniards to monopolize the buying and selling of raw materials
• In the Galleon trade, "boletas" or tickets were used to purchase goods from the ship
• King Philip was named after the Philippines during the time when Magellan discovered it
• Teodora Alonso Realonda was the first teacher of Jose Rizal
• Teodora Alonso Realonda taught Rizal the alphabet and writing
• Rizal had tutors named Lucas Padua, Leon Monroy, and Lorenzo Alberto
• At the age of 9, Rizal had Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz as his teacher in Biñan, Laguna
• Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz was Paciano's teacher and Rizal spent three years under his tutelage
• In 1865, Queen Isabella II of Spain appointed the Rector of the University of Santo Tomas as the supervisor of all secondary and higher education in the Philippines
• On June 10, 1872, Rizal went to Manila to take his entrance examination for Bachillee en Artes, his first trip
• Rizal studied at Ateneo Municipal de Manila under Jesuit professors who focused on discipline, character building, and religious instruction from 1872 to 1877
• Rizal's writings include "Memorias de Un Estudiante de Manila," "El Niño Jesus," "A la Virgen Maria," "El Embarque," "El Cano El Primero den Dar to Visita del Mundo," "El Cautiveria y el Triunfo," and "El Combante: Urbiztondo El Terror de Jolo"
• Rizal was influenced by Fe Bech who suggested focusing less on religion and more on science, and also supported corporal punishment
• Teodoro Romualdo de Jesus was known for his pre-colonial past and philosophies like Tasyo
• Rizal studied to become a Perito Agrimensor and had the option to pursue Law or Medicine
• In Law, Rizal could become a Licenciado en Derecho but faced harassment and job insecurity
• In Medicine, Rizal considered it due to his mother's eyesight, employability, increased enrollment, the exciting frontier, and popularity over women
• Rizal interacted with Fr. Fidel Villaroel and Governor General Domingo Moriones
• Rizal was part of groups like Companerismo Les and Companeros Je Jehu
• Rizal wrote "A la Juventud" among his various writings
• Republic Act No. 1425 was enacted on June 12, 1956, during the presidency of Ramon Magsaysay
• The Act mandates the inclusion of courses on the life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal, specifically his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges, and universities
• Educational institutions are required to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience, and teach the duties of citizenship
• In collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translations must be used as basic texts
• The Board of National Education is authorized to adopt measures to implement the Act, including writing and printing appropriate primers, readers, and textbooks
• All schools, colleges, and universities must keep an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo in their libraries, along with Rizal's other works and biography