BIO 13- 1st LE- PLANT CELL :TYPES AND PARTS

• • Plasma Membrane or Plasmalemma- phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell. Semi-permeable and allows small and/or nonpolar molecules to pass through.
• Nucleolus- a darkly staining area within the nucleus. Aggregates the ribosomal RNA with associated proteins to assemble the ribosomal subunits.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum- A series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules that collectively modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids.
• Rough ER- has ribosomes along its surface, and the proteins they create are either secreted or incorporated into membranes of the cell.
• • Smooth ER- continuous with the RER, but has no or fewer ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface. Synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones, storing calcium ions, detox of medications and poisons. 
• • Golgi Apparatus/Complex- A series of flattened membranes for sorting, tagging, packaging and distributing lipids and proteins. This has two types; cis face and trans face
• Cis face- Golgi apparatus closest to the ER.
• Trans face- The opposite side, closest to the plasma membrane.
• • Central Vacuole- a large, membrane-bound structure that fills much of the plant cell.  Regulates cell’s concentration of water in changing environmental conditions.  Supports cell’s expansion.  Stores nutrients, accumulate ions, or become a place to store wastes.
• Tonoplast- Membrane surrounding the central vacuole
• • Mitochondrion- responsible for making a nucleic acid called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. 
  • Oval shaped, double membrane organelles. 
  • Has their own ribosomes and DNA. 
  • Muscle cells have a very high concentration of mitochondria that produces ATP. 
• Chloroplast [Plastids]- stores chlorophyll and other pigments for photosynthesis.Contains its own DNA, ribosomes, and is double membraned.
• Thylakoid- where chloroplasts store their pigments. Interconnected sacs. The main region for the first reaction of photosynthesis.
• Grana- where thylakoid stacks are found.
• Stroma- fluid portion of the double membraned chloroplast. Products of the first reaction here are used to produce organic molecules.
• Chromoplast- plastids that store orange or yellow pigments. Rich in carotenes and xanthophyls.
• • Leucoplast/Amyloplast- store starch and is found in plants like potato tubers, carrot roots, sweet potato roots, and grass seeds. 
• Two types of microbodies: Peroxisome, and Glyoxysome
• • Peroxisome- helps in photosynthesis in plant cells. Small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes. 
  • They carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids. 
  • Detoxifies poisons that may enter the body.
• Glyoxysome- specialized peroxisomes in plants, responsible for converting stored fats into sugars.
• Oleosomes- Natural oil droplets, composing 20-50 wt% of their mass. Seeds develop oleosomes to safely store their energy in the form of triacylglycerols and use it during germination.
• Cytoskeleton- A collection of protein filaments within the cytoplasm. Has microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
• • Microtubules- Key organelles in cell division. These are also guides for the construction of the cell wall, and cellulose fibers are parallel due to this. 
  • Its movement is based on tubulin-kinesin interactions.
• • Microfilaments- Its movement is based on actin-myosin interactions. They guide the movement of organelles within the cell. 
• • Intermediate Filaments- Forms an elaborate network in the cytoplasm of most cells, extending from a ring surrounding the nucleus to the plasma membrane. 
• Plasmodesmata- A thin cytoplasmic bridge between neighbor cells.