eng 3rd

• Argumentation is the art of presenting reason to arrive at a truth that is acceptable to others
• Argumentation trains us to persuade others and to resist being persuaded by others
• Debate is a formal type of argumentation
• Debate is carried out by two opposing sides
• Debate is conducted according to certain well-defined rules
• The elements of an argument are conviction and persuasion
• Conviction is based on logic or correct reasoning
• Persuasion is an emotional aspect of an argument
• Persuasion must be utilized to move people to action
• An argumentative essay is a persuasive form of writing
• Argumentative essay aims to change the mind of the reader by convincing the reader to agree with the writer’s point of view
• Claim refers to the author's position on an issue or problem, usually the thesis statement or main idea of an argumentative essay
• Support is any material used to prove a claim, consisting of reasons and evidence
• Reasons are statements made to justify an action, decision, or belief
• Evidence includes specific references, quotations, examples, and opinions that support a claim

  • May include statistics, personal experience, or opinions of experts
• Counterargument: an argument made to oppose another argument
• Rebuttal: the response to the counterargument
• Pro: an argument in favor of a claim or advantage regarding something
• Con: an argument against a claim or disadvantage regarding something
• A good argument anticipates opposing claims and provides counterarguments to disprove or answer them
• An argumentative essay clearly states a claim or position on an issue
• The essay provides reasons, including facts and opinions, and supports these reasons with evidence
• The essay also presents opposing views (counterarguments) and explains their weaknesses
• The introduction presents the problem, gives background information needed for the argument, and includes the thesis statement or main idea of the essay
• The body of the argumentative essay contains reasons, including facts or opinions, with each reason included in the topic sentence and supported by details or materials
• Supporting materials include examples, statistics, personal experiences, quotations, etc
• The conclusion restates the main claim and gives one or two general statements that summarize the arguments and support the main premise
• A claim is the main topic of an argument where the speaker tries to assert his or her beliefs, ideas, or actions
• A claim is the central statement of a text that the writer tries to prove by providing details, explanations, and evidence
• A claim should be argumentative, debatable, specific, focused, interesting, engaging, and logical
• A claim of fact must have the potential for controversy, conflict, and change
• A claim of fact reports, describes, predicts, and shows cause and effect
• A claim of fact can refer to something that has existed in the past, exists in the present, or will exist in the future
• A claim of policy urges for specific actions to be taken or discontinued in policies
• A claim of policy shows that a problem exists and proposes a certain way to solve it
• A claim of value gives judgment about morality, beauty, merit, or wisdom
• A claim of value compares and contrasts a problem with a similar one in another time and/or place
• A claim of value is based on preferences such as likes or dislikes, good or bad
• Propaganda is a sustained, organized campaign to influence others to accept a decision, such as in sales talk and political speeches
• Advertising is one of the widespread forms of propaganda