EEO

• ampholyte is a molecule that contains both acidic and basic groups
• electrophoretic mobility : The rate of migration of a charged solute in an electric field, expressed per unit field strength.
• endosmosis is the preferential movement of water in one direction through electrophoresis medium due to selective binding of one type of charge on the surface of the medium.
• electrophoretogram is a record that consists of the separated components of a mixture produced by electrophoresis in a supporting medium
• iontophoresis is a type of electrophoresis limited to migration of small ions
• zone electrophoresis is a type of electrophoresis usually used for migration of macromolecules
• electrophoresis is the movement of electrically charged compounds in a medium resulting to their separations based on their electrical charges when an electric current is applied
• Cathode is a negatively charged electrode
• Anode is a positively charged electrode
• Macromolecules found in proteins in serum , urine , cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) , erythrocytes and tissue and other biologic body fluids
• components of electrophoresis: driving force - detecting system - sample - support medium - buffer
• Cellulose acetate is a homogenous medium with uniform pore size and does not absorb the protein when cellulose is acetylated to form cellulose acetate by treating it with acetic anhydride
• Agarose gel is a highly purified uncharged polysaccharide derived from agar
• Polyacrylamide gel referred to as PAGE that is used to separates serum proteins into 20 or more fractions rather than the usual five fractions separated by cellulose acetate or agarose
• Starch separates proteins on the basis of surface charge and molecular size, as does polyacrylamide gel.
• 4 support medium : cellulose acetate - agarose gel - polyacrylamide gel - starch
• If buffer is more acidic than the pi (isoelectronic point) -becomes positively charged and migrates toward the cathode
• If buffer is more basic than the pi (isoelectronic point) -becomes negatively charged and migrates toward the anode
• refractometry is the path of the light beam changes direction at the boundary surface if its speed in the second medium is different from that in the first
• Electrochemistry involves the measurement of electrical signals associated with chemical system that are incorporated into an electrochemical cell
• Liquid junction - also known as a salt bridge arerequired to complete the circuit between thereference and without contaminating anything.
• potentiometry is the measurement of a potential or voltage difference between two electrodes immersed in solution under the condition of essentially zero current.
• Reference Electrode produces constant potential
• Indicator Electrode responds to changes in the activity of solution
• Ion-selective electrode is an indicator electrode that can respond to individual types of anions or cations
• pH electrode is an electrode selective for the detection of hydrogen ions
• internal reference electrode of ph: silver/silver chloride
• pco2 electrode is a pH electrode contained within a plastic jacket.
• voltammetry is the measurement of current after which a potential is applied to an electrochemical cell.
• coulometry is an electrochemical titration in which the titrant is electrochemically generated and the endpoint is detected by amperometry
• the time required to titrate a sample at a constant current is measured and is related to the amount of analyte in a sample by Faraday’s equation
• amperometry is the measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation–reduction reaction at a single applied potential
• osmometry is the measurement of the osmolality of an aqueoussolution such as serum, plasma and urine;measurement of the concentration of dissolve soluteparticles in a solution
• Colligative properties are those properties of a solutionthat are only a function of the concentration (molality)of the particles in solution.
• as the molality of the particles increases, it has thefollowing effects on the solvent: 1. The vapor pressure decrease
• as the molality of the particles increases, it has thefollowing effects on the solvent: 2. The boiling point increases
• as the molality of the particles increases, it has thefollowing effects on the solvent: 3. The freezing point decrease
• electrical impedance is the measurement is based on the change in electrical resistance across an aperture when a particle inconductive liquid passes through this aperture
• buffer carries electric current in supporting medium
• Refractive Index is the ratio of the two speed of light (what is measured in refractomtery)