Fractional distillation and simple distillation

• What are the two types of distillation used to separate liquid mixtures?

  Simple distillation and fractional distillation
• What is the purpose of simple distillation?

  To separate a liquid from a solution
• How can simple distillation be used with seawater?

  To separate pure water from seawater
• What equipment is used in simple distillation?

  A flask, thermometer, condenser, and heating device
• Why is the flask sealed with a bung in simple distillation?

  To prevent gas from escaping
• What is the function of the thermometer in simple distillation?

  To measure the temperature inside the flask
• How does the condenser work in simple distillation?

  It cools and condenses vapor into liquid
• What happens to the vapor in the condenser during simple distillation?

  It cools and condenses into liquid form
• What is left in the flask after distilling seawater?

  Salt
• What is the main technique used for separating mixtures of liquids?

  Fractional distillation
• Why can't simple distillation separate liquids with similar boiling points?

  Because multiple liquids will evaporate
• What is the role of the fractionating column in fractional distillation?

  To separate liquids with similar boiling points
• What features does the fractionating column have?

  Glass rods and a temperature gradient
• How does the temperature affect the separation of methanol, ethanol, and propanol?

  Different temperatures allow for selective evaporation
• At what temperature should methanol be heated for separation?

  Around 65 degrees Celsius
• What happens to ethanol and propanol in the fractionating column?

  They condense back into liquid and fall
• What is the next step after collecting methanol in fractional distillation?

  Raise the temperature to 78 degrees Celsius
• What can be assumed about the liquid left in the flask after distilling ethanol?

  It is likely pure propanol
• What could be done to ensure the propanol is pure?

  Raise the temperature to boil off propanol
• What are the steps involved in simple distillation?

  1. Heat the mixture in the flask.
  2. Vapor rises and enters the condenser.
  3. Vapor cools and condenses into liquid.
  4. Collect the distilled liquid in a beaker.
  5. Residue remains in the flask.
• What are the steps involved in fractional distillation?

  1. Heat the mixture in the flask.
  2. Vapor rises through the fractionating column.
  3. Condenses on glass rods and falls back.
  4. Pure liquid passes into the condenser.
  5. Collect the distilled liquid in a beaker.