RAWS

• Narration: Story, skill, event, narrate and vivid
• Narration: most basic pattern of development
• Narration: used to tell a story or focus on set of related events
• Narration: describes how when, where an event or occurrence actually happened
• Description: goes into details about a specific object, person or location, in order to firmly set its appearance
• Description: detail, quality, realistic, sensory and look
• Description has a clear focus and sense of purpose
• Description uses sensory details and precise words
• Description presents details in logical order
• Description: adjectives and adverbs are abundant in descriptive text
• Objective Description: looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what is being described as objectively as possible
• Subjective Description: author would normally use to “paint a picture“ of how he sees a character or how he wants the reader to see acharacter
• Subjective Description: used in a literary discourse when there is stereotyped image that can be attributed to a person, place or an event
• Definition: explains not just what something means or is, but also what something does, what something is used for, what something looks like
• Definition: meaning, enlighten, inform, elaborate, and controversy
• Formal Definition:

  • Species(word)
  • Genus(class)
  • Differentiae
• Informal Definition:

  • Operational Definition
  • Synonyms
  • Denotations and Connotations
• Operational Definition: give the meaning of an abstract word for one particular time and space
• Synonym: words with same meanings
• Denotation: exact meaning of the word
• Connotation: idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing
• Extended Definition:

  • Characteristics of features
  • Function
  • Effect
  • Origin
• Signal Words of Definition:

  • is defined as
  • means
  • to define
  • as defined
  • refers to
  • to illustrate
• Classification and Exemplification: category, illustration, criteria, and example
• Classification: divides things into group, classes or categories
• Classification: organizes ideas into divisions based on criteria or standards
• Exemplification: provides example and illustrations in order to explain a concept or idea.
• Exemplification: presents general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea
• Signal Words for Classifiction:

  • another
  • final type
  • one kind
  • classified as
• Signal Words for Exemplification:

  • for example
  • in short
  • to be specific
  • to illustrate
• Comparison ad Contrast: organizes idea based on how events, places, people, things and concepts are similar or different from one another
• Separately: involves describing one item first followed by the second item
• Side-by-side: involves discussing both items based on each point of comparison
• Signal Words for Comparing:

  • equally
  • similarly
  • likewise
  • to compare
• Signal Words for Contrasting:

  • even though
  • nevertheless
  • in contrast
  • despite
• Cause and Effect: explain, connection, consequence, critical, and reason
• Cause and Effect: explains why something happens or what result a particular event produces
• Signal Words for Cause:

  • in as much
  • since
  • being that
  • because
• Signal Words for Effect

  • as a consequence
  • for this reason
  • hence
  • therefore
• Problem-solution: concern, cause, and scientific