PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

• Two types of Hypothesis - Alternative and Null
• Types of Quantitative Research - Descriptive, Correlation, Causal Comparative, Experimental ( Quasi and True )
• Types of Qualitative Research - Descriptive, Phenomenological, Historical, Case Study, Grounded Theory, Ethnography and Narrative
• Descriptive - Aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when, how and why.
• Correlation - Type of nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship between them with little or no effort to control extraneous variables.
• Correlation - Focuses on: Significant Relationship
• Descriptive - This is both applicable to Quantitative and Qualitative research.
• Causal-Comparative - Attempts to identify a cause-effect relationship between two or more groups. In this research, the researcher investigates the effect of an independent variable by comparing two or more groups of individuals.
• Unlike correlational research, both experimental and causal- comparative research typically compare two or more groups of subjects.
• The prefix quasi means “resembling”. - Quasi-Experimental
• Quasi- Experimental research is research that resembles experimental research but is not true experimental research. Although the independent variable is manipulated, participants are not randomly assigned to conditions or orders of conditions (Cook&Campbell, 1979)
• True Experimental - Type of experimental design and is thought to be the most accurate type of experimental research because of its main characteristic of random assignment.
• Phenomenological - Focuses on the study of an individual’s lived experiences within the world.
• Ontological (theory of being)
• Epistemological (theory of knowledge)
• Historical - Studies the meaning of past events in an attempt to interpret the facts and explain the cause of events.
• Researchers rely heavily on primary historical data (direct account of events of events, archival data- official documents, personal records, and records of eyewitnesses)
• And less frequently on secondary historical data ( information from persons who didn’t witness the event).
• Case Study - Is an in depth study of one person, group, or event, in a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject’s life and history is analysed to seek patterns and causes of behaviours.
• Grounded Theory - A research method concerned with the generation of theory, which is “grounded” in data that has been systematically collected and analysed.
• Grounded Theory - It is used to uncover such things as social relationships and behaviours of groups, known as social processes.
• Grounded Theory - It was developed in California, USA by Glaser and Strauss during their study- “Awareness of Dying”.
• Ethnography - Is a study through direct observation of users in their natural environment rather than in a lab.
• Ethnography - The objective of this type of research is to gain insights into how users interact with things in their natural environment
• Narrative - Collecting and telling a story or stories chronologically and in detail. Usually, this design focused on studying an individual person.