microbiology section 2

• where are prokaryotes found ?

  They are found in deep sea vents, hot springs and even oil spills
• Where can you find Cyanobacteria ?


  this bacteria thrive in warm water ( convert c02 to 02 )
• Which bacteria colonizes light organs of marine life and provides them with light needed to survive and evade predators ?

  Vibrio Fischeri (bioluminescent bacteria )
• What microbe gives soil an "earthy smell" and helps with decomposition ?


  Actinomycetes
• What bacteria converts nitrogen and phosphorus into forms that plants can eat ?

  Rhizobia
• Which microbe lives in extremely hot, acidic environment ?

  Extremophiles
• What environment does Thermophiles live in ?


  The grown in high temperatures like in the hot springs in Yellowstone
• Cold environment , ike glaciers , snow and permafrost is home to which microbe ?

  Psychrophiles
• MIcrobe like Deinococcus Radiodurans live in which type of environment ?


  They have an ability to live in extreme environment (polyextremophiles )
• What are viruses that can infect bacteria called ?

  Phages (target pathogens and kill them w/o harming the host )
• What antibiotic is produced by fungi ?

  penicillin
• What type of sybiotic relationship involves 2 species that benefit from each other

  Mutualism ( ex: e.coli and the human gut )
• A relationship where one organism benefits while the other remain unaffected is called ?

  Commensalism. ( ex s. epidermidis using skin cells as nutrients )
• A relationship where one organism benefits while harming the other is called ?

  Parasitism ( ex tetanus , TB , leprosy )
• Define Resident microbiota 


  is MIcrooganisms that constantly live in or on our bodies
• Define Transient Microbiota

  Microorganisms that are on found temporarily in the human body
• What bacteria produce lactic acid contributing to the acidity of the vagina and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic yeasts?

  Lactobacillus
• Define Infectious disease

  Any disease cause by the direct effect of a pathogen ( can be cellular like fungi, bacteria or acellular like viruses )
• What is communicable diesase

  Diseases that spread from person- to- person through direct of indirect mechanisms
• What is an Contagious Disease 


  Are easily spread from person-to person ( ex:measles or gonorrhea )
• Disease that are contracted as a result of a medical procedure is called ?

  Iatrogenic
• Disease acquired in hosptial settings are called ?

  Nosocomial ( ex: nurses / doctors that do not wash hands )
• Which noncommunicable disease does not spread from one person to the other ?

  Tetanus or Legionarries ( bacterium that lives in water cooling towers )
• Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans

  Zoonotic Disease ( Ex: Rabies )
• Portal of exit : most common are skin, respiratory tract, and GI tract
• Mechanical vectors are vectors that are transmitted through physical contact with an infected person. (on the OUTSIDE of the body ) . Example : Fly landing in fecal matter
• Biological Vectors is when an anthropod carries the viral pathogen INSIDE its body and transmit it to the host through biting . Ex( It includes mosquitoes ,ticks ,lice or kissing bug Hemipterans transport chargas disease to humans by defecating when they bite
• Pathogens That are transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, birth ,or breastfeeding are called

  Vertical direct contact transmission
• An individual that coughs or sneezes , small droplets of mucus ejected from a distance of 1m or less ?

  Droplet Transmission
• Inanimate object called formites is involved in indirect contact transmission
• Define Passive carrier 


  when a pathogen can be mechanically transmit to another host .EX : provider who fails to wash their hands
• Active carrier 


  Infected individual that transmit dieseas on to others. the host can be asymptomatic .Ex sars , hiv
• What are the 4 stages of pathogenesis

  Exposure (contact ), adhesion (colonization ) , invasion and infection
• Mucus membranes of the respiratory , GI and genitourinary tract are the most IMPORTANT PORTAL OF ENTRY for microbes .
• Bacteria has adhesins present on their fimbriae or flagella . On Protozoa adhesins appear on their cillia and the capsid or membranes of viruses
• Eps (extrapolymeric) allows for bacteria to attach to host cells and make it harder for pathogens to be removed . Ex: P. Aeruginosa
• Salmonella and shigella use effector proteins that trigger entry to the host causing disease
• Faculative Pathogens reproduce either inside or outside of the host cells . It uses certain mechanisms to expolit nutrients of the host cells
• local infection 


  confined to a small area of the body , near the portal of entry . EX uTI confined to the bladder and Pneumonia confine to the lungs
• Focal infection 


  is a localized pathogen than can spread to a secondary infection . Ex:( a dentist knicking a paient gum w/ his instrument leading to strepcoccus inf)