“New widows howl, new orphans cry”

• he vividly illustrates the deep and growing human cost of Macbeth’s tyrannical rule.
• “new” emphasises the ongoing and escalating nature of the suffering under Macbeth’s reign.
• each day brings fresh pain and tragedy to the people of Scotland. 
• “widows howling” and “orphans crying” invokes a profound sense of loss and grief.
• highlighting the widespread destruction Macbeth’s ambition has caused to innocent families. 
• theme of political chaos and the personal toll of Macbeth’s unchecked power, painting a bleak picture of a nation torn apart by violence and fear.
• contrasts Macduff’s compassion with Macbeth’s emotional detachment.
• Macduff is visibly moved by the country’s suffering, while Macbeth continues his pursuit of power without regard for the human cost. 
• Macduff becomes a figure of justice and retribution, determined to restore peace to Scotland by ending Macbeth’s reign of terror.